Ecological Planting Imperative: Functional Systems,Not Stylized Ecologies

The ability of landscape architectural projects to mitigate the worst effects of climate change will depend upon designed ecological systems. These systems will be built with plants. Despite the recognition of ecology as an essential driver of landscapes, the professionals of landscape architecture too often lack the knowledge and practical skills to create robust vegetative systems. New approaches and tools are required. This article outlines principles and methods for designing biodiverse plant systems for urban sites. Planting methods that increase species richness, functional diversity, and spatial complexity are emphasized as a way of developing more resilient plantings. Selecting species with similar evolutionary adaptions to stress, disturbance, and competition—as well as creating multi-layered compositions of diverse plant morphologies—allows designers to create compatible, long-lived plant mixes. To balance the increased visual complexity of diverse plant mixes, the article explores design techniques to make plantings more appealing to the public. The strategies explored here are based on the projects, experience, and research of Phyto Studio, a Washington, D.C. based studio. The methods build on work described in the author’s book, Planting in a Post-Wild World, an exploration of how to create designed plant communities.     

施肥模型研究综述

对施肥模型和参数研究的历史、现状和趋势进行了综述,并指出今后定量施肥研究的关键问题。     

丰宁县生态环境存在的问题及对策

丰宁县地处京津上游,是北京、天津重要水源地和生态屏障,但由于连续7年干旱,治理速度慢,保存率低,致使生态环境恶劣,严重影响了京津地区的生态环境和饮用水安全,本文在分析目前丰宁县水土保持存在问题的基础上,提出今后治理对策和思路。     

An approach to the synthesis of qualitative ecological information from aquatic coleoptera communities

A list of 196 Coleoptera taxa, larvae and adults, covering 113 species, was obtained from several surveys of a flood plain of the Rhô river. From published reports and personal experience, each taxon is linked with the modalities of nine environmental and three biological variables. The resulting 12 ecological profiles for 196 taxa are analysed by correspondence analysis. The simultaneous ordination of the taxa and variables allows presentation of the more synthetic correspondence between the Coleoptera and their ecological and biological characteristics. The niche dimensions of the 12 variables tested here are organized along a current-substrate gradient, from stones in rapid flow to mud in still water, which is associated with the other ecological conditions. This ordination reflects environmental conditions in a transverse direction, particularly from the central channel to the furthest annexes of the river. The Coleoptera are shown to be describers of the connectivity with the main channel. The 196 studied taxa are positioned along the gradient. They are subdivided into seven faunal groups based on their habitat range or niche width. The larger species are confined to the stagnant side of the gradient. Other variables, such as feeding and vertical distribution, clearly separate carnivores from herbivores and also larvae from adults. The next step of this study will be to extend these investigations to other functional variables and to all the species of Coleoptera in France. The information given by the Coleoptera will then be compared with actual field measurements.     

Electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

This paper describes the results obtained from an electrokinetic treatment of a real soil polluted by lead acetate. Powdered soil samples were pressed with a consolidometer till 100 kPa to obtain cylindrical specimens with the same characteristics as a subsoil. Tests were carried out in a Perspex electrochemical cell where soil specimens were introduced with a hollow punch. A low intensity direct current was applied in order to remove contaminants, due to electrophoresis and electroosmosis phenomena. The water flow, conductivity, apparent electroosmotic coefficient, as well as other characteristic parameters, were measured throughout the test. The water content and degree of pore saturation were estimated at the beginning and end of the test. The soil slab was divided into four slices and the Pb concentration profile determined. The main factor governing the extraction of contaminant was found to be the pH in the acidic range. Indeed, under these conditions high removal efficiencies could be reached. These results could lead to the design of a new electrochemical treatment cell equipped with a cationic membrane to expand the region of favourable pH within the soil.     

三峡地区脆弱生态环境问题初探

脆弱生态环境是一种对环境因素改变的反应敏感而维持自身稳定的可塑性小的生态环境系统，三峡地区脆弱生态环境的基本特征为：侵蚀作用强烈；抗干扰能力弱；土地退化，土地生产力衰减；森林生态系统衰退，环境灾害加剧，灾种增多，频次增高，形成三峡地区脆弱生态环境的因素包括地质地貌因素，气候因素以及人为因素和社会经济因素，三峡地区生态环境的整治措施主要包括：控制人口增长；调整产业结构；开展综合治理；唤起环境意识，依     

污染土壤/底泥电动修复研究进展

修复污染土壤/底泥对改善生态环境质量极为重要,通过对污染土壤/底泥施加电场,可使污染物定向迁移、富集并去除。综述了电动修复的发展历程,比较了重金属、有机污染物及复合污染物的电动修复机理及其限制因素,分析了土壤预处理(加入酸、氧化剂、共溶剂、表面活性剂,搅拌,升温等)、电极优化(交换电极、阳极逼近、电极矩阵等)、多技术(EK-PRB、Fenton、IEM、ASC、超声波、电解质增强等)联用对单一电动修复的性能优化概况。总体来看,污染物分离不彻底、土壤/底泥理化性质和微观结构改变、原位规模化应用困难等制约了电动修复污染土壤/底泥的效果。针对上述技术瓶颈,提出污染原位分离-污染物处理-有价资源回收的一体化电动修复技术。该技术可解决电动修复易破坏土壤生态和污染物难以外排的问题,实现了污染处理和有价资源的回收。     

小水电站生态流量对电能损失率的影响分析

小水电站多以追求最大发电效益为目的,电站下游河道生态流量往往处于"无"或"少"的不良状况,对生态环境影响日益凸显.为研究电站下泄生态流量对电站电能损失的影响及影响因子的作用,本文选取江西省遂川县为研究区域,采用主成分分析法分析小水电站生态流量对电站电能损失率的影响.结果表明:(1)河道生态流量对小水电站目前运行实际发电量的损失率的影响阈值一般控制在[10％,20％].(2)电站效能属性第一主成分包括年利用小时数(M4)、设计流量与多年平均流量比(M5)和水量利用率(M6);电站出力属性第二主成分包括设计水头(M2)和设计流量(M3);装机规模(M1)为第三主成分装机属性单一主要指标;其中,M2和M4对电能损失率呈负作用,表明参数越大,相应电能损率失越大;M1、M3、M5和M6对电能损失率起积极正向作用,参数越大,相应电能损失越小.建议在小水电整改评估工作过程中,以考证M4、M5和M6的真实性和可靠性为先,后以电站铭牌特征值M2、M3和M1收集为辅,便于整改评估工作的顺利开展.本研究可为小水电站的评价认定和电能损失补偿提供一定的技术支撑和参考.