Effects of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin on the gel properties and water-holding capacity of pork batter

The effects of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin (0.1, 200, and 400 MPa) on the gel properties, water-holding capacity, and water mobility of pork batter were investigated. The high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin significantly increased (P < 0.05) the emulsion stability, cooking yield, hardness, springiness, chewiness, resilience, cohesiveness, the a^* and b^* values, and the G′ and G′′ values of pork batter at 80 °C, compared with those of 0.1 MPa-modified globulin. In contrast, the centrifugal loss and initial relaxation time of T_2b, T₂₁, and T₂₂ significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the microstructure was denser, and the voids were smaller and more uniform compared with those of 0.1 MPa-modified globulin. In addition, the sample with 11S globulin modified at 400 MPa had the best water-holding capacity, gel structure, and gel properties among the samples. Overall, the use of high-pressure-modified soy 11S globulin improved the gel properties and water-holding capacity of pork batter, especially under 400 MPa.     

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti3SiC2 ceramic and TC11 alloy joint diffusion bonded with a Cu interlayer

Reliable joints of Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic and TC11 alloy were diffusion bonded with a 50 μm thick Cu interlayer. The typical interfacial structure of the diffusion boned joint, which was dependent on the interdiffusion and chemical reactions between Al, Si and Ti atoms from the base materials and Cu interlayer, was TC11/α-Ti + β-Ti + Ti₂Cu + TiCu/Ti₅Si₄ + TiSiCu/Cu(s, s)/Ti₃SiC₂. The influence of bonding temperature and time on the interfacial structure and mechanical properties of Ti₃SiC₂/Cu/TC11 joint was analyzed. With the increase of bonding temperature and time, the joint shear strength was gradually increased due to enhanced atomic diffusion. However, the thickness of Ti₅Si₄ and TiSiCu layers with high microhardness increased for a long holding time, resulting in the reduction of bonding strength. The maximum shear strength of 251 ± 6 MPa was obtained for the joint diffusion bonded at 850 °C for 60 min, and fracture primarily occurred at the diffusion layer adjacent to the Ti₃SiC₂ substrate. This work provided an economical and convenient solution for broadening the engineering application of Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic.     

The new intra-urban dynamics: Suburbanisation and functional specialisation in French cities

This article examines the relationships between the employment suburbanisation from central cities towards their suburbs, and the process of intra-urban specialisation that occurred simultaneously in the fifty largest French metropolitan areas. A methodology is proposed to identify urban subcentres and to analyse the effects of the intra-urban specialisations on suburbanisation patterns. We conclude that the specialisation of both subcentres and central cities has a significant effect on suburbanisation rates. Lastly, an intra-metropolitan shift/share analysis provides additional insights into the employment dynamics of central cities and suburbs during the last twenty years. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 29 May 2001     

TSM系统中高层软件测试的方法

任何一个软件，在开发过程中都不可避免地存在错误。软件测试的目的就是跟踪出软件的错误，不同种类的软件开发和测试工具是不相同的。介绍软件测试的基本概念、原理以及方法。主要介绍Telelogical Tau AB公司的TTCN的测试机理，并利用TTCN进行TSM(TD-SCDMA移动通信系统)高层信令测试的方法。     

Reaction scheme and kinetic modelling for the MTO process over a SAPO-18 catalyst

A kinetic model for simulation of the MTO process over SAPO-18 catalyst in a wide range of operating conditions has been proposed. The kinetic model predicts the experimental evolution of reaction products with time on stream, which follows three consecutive periods: initiation (where olefin production increases), a period of maximum olefin production and a period in which this production decreases. The kinetic scheme takes into account these three steps that evolve with time on stream: formation of active intermediate compounds, an step where olefins are formed by reaction of oxygenates (methanol/DME) with these intermediates and deactivation of intermediates by degradation to coke. The presence of water in the reaction medium attenuates the reaction rate of these steps. Discrimination of kinetic equations and calculation of the parameters of best fit have been carried out by solving the mass conservation equations of the individual components of the kinetic scheme together with the kinetic equation for deactivation and taking into account the effect of water on the kinetics of each step.     

优化改造油田生产工艺 增产增效提高环保水平——涠洲11-4油田生产工艺优化改造实践

油田生产水处理和海管输油能力不足是制约涠洲11-4油田生产和影响生产安全的瓶颈问题。合理利用油田原有设施和条件,对生产水处理系统和输油管道系统进行工艺优化改造,使该油田B平台海管运行的安全可靠性得以明显提高,并使油田生产水处理能力和处理质量得到有效改善,同时大幅度降低了油田生产成本,拓宽了油田增产挖潜的空间。涠洲11-4油田优化改造生产工艺实践经验,可为进一步拓宽海上老油气田的生产管理思路提供参考。     

Studies on the synthesis of SAPO-5

Silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-5) molecular sieves have been synthesised from reaction mixtures having a molar composition of: 0.7–1.0 Al₂O₃:0.7–1.0 P₂O₅:0.01–2.0 SiO₂:xR:40 H₂O (where R = (C₂H₃)₃N or (C₂H₃)₄NOH and x = 1.5–2.5 for (C₂H₅)⁵N and 0.5 for (C₂H₅)₄NOH, at 473 K using various sources of alumina and silica. The effects of (i) varying the crystallinity of the alumina source (boehmite) and (ii) the use of different silica sources such as freshly prepared silica either from sodium silicate or paddy husk extract, silica gel from commercial water-glass, and tetraethyl orthosilicate have been studied. The crystallinity of boehmite has been found to have a strong effect on its reactivity towards the formation of SAPO-5. The activity of boehmite for SAPO-5 formation increased with a decrease in its crystallinity (or with increase in its moisture content). Any silica source devoid of sodium ions could be employed for the synthesis of SAPO-5. The process of crystallisation started as early as within 1.5 h of reaction and incorporation of silicon into the AlPO₄ framework has been noted at this stage. Formation of some tridymite phase as impurity has been observed under conditions such as (i) SiO₂ concentration > 1.7 mole and (ii) x > 2.0 when R = (C²H₅)₃N.     

波导HCN激光器输出的EH_(11)模在自由空间中的传播

本文讨论了波导HCN激光器输出的EH_(11)模在自由空间中的传播模式,并与理论进行了比较。在近场,光强的分布明显受到激光器结构上不对称性的影响,其某些特征与Degnan的计算相符;在远场,EH_(11)模的传播近似于高斯光束。因此,对远场激光传播特性的测量是光学系统光路设计的基础。     

不同品种甜菜类型甜菜光合特性的研究

水文研究了甜菜生育期中不同品种类型甜菜的光合特性，结果表明在生育前期，高糖型品种的叶绿素含量高，而生育中前期以丰产型高，标准型介于二者之间，ＲｕＢＰ竣化酶活性的动态变化亦显这种趋势；在叶丛形成期和块根增长期，丰产型品种光合速度最高，在糖分积累期则以高糖型品种光合速度高；不同品种不同叶位的叶绿素含量与光合速率中呈正相关。     

SAPO-34/SiO_2催化甲醇制烯烃

采用水热法合成了SAPO-34分子筛,并用X射线粉末衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对SAPO-34分子筛的结构进行了表征,同时探讨了黏合剂种类、甲醇分压、催化剂粒径和硅源等对SAPO-34分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,在MTO反应中,三烯(乙烯、丙烯和丁烯)选择性在反应初期存在明显的诱导期;以S iO2为黏合剂合成的SAPO-34/S iO2催化剂不但可缩短MTO反应的诱导期,三烯选择性也较未添加黏合剂或以A l2O3为黏合剂时高1~2个百分点;且当催化剂活性明显下降时,三烯选择性下降的幅度较小。催化剂粒径、甲醇分压及硅源对催化剂的诱导期也有明显的作用。在甲醇分压低于19kPa、催化剂粒径0.25~0.38mm、S iO2为黏合剂、硅酸四乙酯为硅源时,SAPO-34/S iO2催化剂的MTO性能明显提高。