Role of Ponded Turbidity Currents in Reservoir Trap Efficiency

The capacity to store water in a reservoir declines as it traps sediment. A river entering a reservoir forms a prograding delta. Coarse sediment (e.g., sand) deposits in the fluvial topset and avalanching foreset of the delta, and is typically trapped with an efficiency near 100%. The trap efficiency of fine sediment (e.g., mud), on the other hand, may be below 100%, because some of this sediment may pass out of the reservoir without settling out. Here, a model of trap efficiency of mud is developed in terms of the mechanics of a turbidity current that plunges on the foreset. The dam causes a sustained turbidity current to reflect and form a muddy pond bounded upstream by a hydraulic jump. If the interface of this muddy pond rises above any vent or overflow point at the dam, the trap efficiency of mud drops below 100%. A model of the coevolution of topset, foreset, and bottomset in a reservoir that captures the dynamics of the internal muddy pond is presented. Numerical implementation, comparison against an experiment, and application to a field-scale case provide the basis for a physical understanding of the processes that determine reservoir trap efficiency.     

吐温—20增稳浊度法快速测定水泥中三氧化硫

本文研究了一种以非离子表面活性剂吐温－20为介质，硫酸钡浊度法侧定水泥中三氧化硫的新方法。吐温-20的引入使硫酸钡颗粒分散均匀，体系稳定性提高。本文选420nm为测定波长，SO2-4含量在50～500μg／25ml范围内线性关系良好，可很好地适用于水泥样品的分析。     

Towards inverse modeling of turbidity currents: The inverse lock-exchange problem

A new approach is introduced for turbidite modeling, leveraging the potential of computational fluid dynamics methods to simulate the flow processes that led to turbidite formation. The practical use of numerical flow simulation for the purpose of turbidite modeling so far is hindered by the need to specify parameters and initial flow conditions that are a priori unknown. The present study proposes a method to determine optimal simulation parameters via an automated optimization process. An iterative procedure matches deposit predictions from successive flow simulations against available localized reference data, as in practice may be obtained from well logs, and aims at convergence towards the best-fit scenario. The final result is a prediction of the entire deposit thickness and local grain size distribution. The optimization strategy is based on a derivative-free, surrogate-based technique. Direct numerical simulations are performed to compute the flow dynamics. A proof of concept is successfully conducted for the simple test case of a two-dimensional lock-exchange turbidity current. The optimization approach is demonstrated to accurately retrieve the initial conditions used in a reference calculation.     

炼钢轧钢外排污水回用的可行性研究

埋入式磁分离水处理装置成功处理轧钢、炼钢浊循环水,是济钢在实践中发明的专利技术。济钢中板厂利用其技术处理轧钢浊循环水,处理量450m3/h。山东泰山钢铁有限公司拟采用此技术处理炼钢、轧钢外排污水,处理水质达到回用水水质标准。     

地下水pH值、电导率和浊度实时监测仪器

开发了用于地震前兆研究的地下水pH值、电导率和混浊度的智能在线监测仪器。介绍了仪器的软硬件设计,包括采集电路、前置放大电路、传感器及针对在线测量要求的长期稳定性和免维护性的设计,其中浊度传感器采用表面散射的原理设计,光源采用激光。仪器具有人机交互、数据存储、参数校准、串口通讯以及自动在线测量等功能,达到要求的各项指标,并在地震台站长期稳定运行。     

Relationship between static electrification of transformer oils with turbidity and spectrophotometry measurements

The paper presents the research results on electrostatic charging tendency (ECT) of transformer oil in a spinning disk system. The measurements were performed at different aging severity. Changes in static electrification were related to some classical aging indexes (conductivity, dissipation factor, water content, resistivity, etc.). Fast, inexpensive and reliable laboratory testing procedures developed by ASTM (D 6802 and D 6181) were also used to monitor the decay products as trace impurities. The obtained results show that static electrification currents increase with temperature, oil flow velocity, coating disk material properties and oil’s aging byproducts. The polarity, the amplitude and the time constant of the streaming electrification currents are also affected. This contribution is not only intended to provide a fresh review in this domain of research, but also contains a substantial amount of new material with a view of closing some gaps in the present state of knowledge of transformer oil streaming electrification phenomenon.     

无机有机复合高分子材料包覆纳米Fe_3O_4的制备及其性能研究

利用物理复合的方法制备出聚硅硫酸铁-壳聚糖(PFSS-CTS)复合高分子材料,并将其包覆在纳米Fe_3O_4的表面得到新型高效的磁絮凝剂PFSS-CTS@Fe_3O_4。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪对其表面形态和结构进行表征,结果表明,PFSS与CTS在反应前后物质结构发生了变化,生成了一种新的聚合物,并成功包覆在了纳米Fe_3O_4的表面,得到了理想的产物。然后将其对工业废水进行絮凝试验得出该絮凝剂最佳合成及应用条件:m(PFSS)∶m(CTS)=5∶1,投加量为180 mg/L,沉降时间为20 min。PFSS-CTS@Fe_3O_4在最佳条件下COD、浊度、色度的去除率最高分别达到85.12%、93.54%,89.74%。     

烷基苯磺酸盐与聚丙烯酰胺混合水溶液的测定

本文提出了用双长紫外法－新洁尔灭浊度法来分析烷基苯磺酸盐（ＡＢＳ）和聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）混合术溶液中各组分的合量，以解决用常规分析方法时因组分间相互干扰而逅成的测定偏差．首先，双波长紫外法利用２１５ｎｍ、２２５ｎｍ两个波长下溶液吸光度的差值（２Ａ２２５－Ａ２１５），消除ＰＡＭ的吸光影响，测出ＡＢＳ的浓度，精度达０．５％；然后，根据部分水解聚丙烯酰胺与阳离子型表面活性剂新洁尔灭反应产生白色沉淀，利用浊度大小测定ＰＡＭ的浓度，此法可检测出０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ的ＰＡＭ．     

Turbidity control and fisheries enhancement in a bottomland hardwood backwater system in Louisiana (U.S.A.)

In response to a noticeable decline in recreational fishing in the formerly productive Larto—Saline backwater complex of east central Louisiana, a study was begun to identify causative factors for the decline and to determine effective methods to remedy the problem. To this end, water quality and fisheries surveys were conducted in the system for the study period 1 July, 1981 to 30 June, 1989. Data collected during the early years of the study indicated chronically high turbidity (> 100 FTU) to be the major factor limiting game fish production. The high turbidity can be related to man-made alterations of natural flood patterns that had changed the major source of backwater flooding from Black River to the highly turbid Red River. In September, 1986, a construction project was undertaken to restore flood patterns to approximate natural conditions. Sampling subsequent to this construction has shown a significant decrease in turbidity and an increase in game fish production.     

Practical application of the “turbid water” flag in ocean color imagery: Interference with sun-glint contaminated pixels in open ocean

A simple method to identify turbid, sediment-loaded, waters within satellite ocean color imageries was recently proposed (A. Morel and S. Bélanger, Remote Sensing of Environment, 102, (2006), 237-249). Systematic application of this method to the level-3 composites obtained from three ocean color sensors shows that the “turbid” flag is often raised in the open ocean, especially in the sub-tropical oligotrophic gyres, where turbidity is unlikely. In addition these flagged zones migrate with season, and clearly follow the sun declination course. The combination of low chlorophyll waters with a residual sun-glint is at the origin of this artifact. Simple approaches for eliminating such a misleading detection are proposed. The identification and elimination of the bias are also needed in particular for an unambiguous detection of the presence of calcite (coccolithophores) in open waters.