沼渣生物炭在水处理中的应用进展

以沼渣为原料制备生物炭是实现沼渣安全处置和资源化利用的有效途径之一.沼渣经过厌氧消化处理,在一定程度上优化了沼渣生物炭的组分结构和物化特性,因而沼渣生物炭具有低成本、来源广、吸附及催化性能好等特点被应用于去除水中污染物.该文对当前沼渣生物炭的原料来源、制备及改性方法进行了总结,归纳了沼渣生物炭作为吸附剂和碳基催化剂在水处理应用中的现状,同时阐述了沼渣生物炭的作用机理.最后总结了沼渣生物炭在水处理应用中存在的一些问题和挑战,并指出其发展方向.     

Incorporation of fish by-product into the semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of pre-treated lignocellulose and cow manure,with recovery of digestate's nutrients

Norway's fish processing industry generates large amounts of fish waste every year. The high-risk waste fraction with most of its oil removed has not yet been tested for energy production. The stability of an anaerobic digestion process that incorporates this material with steam exploded Salix and cow manure was tested using mesophilic, semi-continuous laboratory-scale digesters. The effects of recycling the liquid digestate fraction were also investigated. The removal of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) from the rejected digestate using struvite precipitation and bentonite adsorption were tested to generate a nutrient-enriched, final solid fertiliser. Adding 20% fish by-product (volatile solids basis) increased methane yields by 35%, while recycling the digestate caused a slight increase. The NH₄⁺–N levels reached 4–5 g l⁻¹ in the reactors with recirculation and fish feed. Although these levels may threaten methanogenesis, the stability of the process was maintained during the entire period due to the good balance between the lignocellulose, proteins and fats provided by the co-digestion mixture and the positive effects of recirculation. The NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ were successfully removed from the rejected liquid digestate. The reductions using struvite reached 87% and 60% (pH 9.5 and Mg²⁺:NH₄⁺:PO₄³⁻ ratio of 1.2:1:1), while bentonite achieved 82% and 52%, respectively.     

炭化工艺对脱水沼渣炭理化性质的影响

以一级脱水沼渣为原料,通过热重-红外联用分析其失重行为及热解气相产物的组成,采用单因素试验方法,考察炭化温度、升温速率、保温时间对沼渣炭的得率、理化性质的影响。结果表明：360～480℃区域为热解的主要阶段。随着温度的升高,炭得率、挥发分含量降低,灰分含量增加,固定碳含量在700℃最高（18.37%）;随着升温速率提高,灰分、固定碳含量提高,炭得率及挥发分含量降低;随着保温时间的延长,炭得率逐渐降低,对灰分、挥发分、固定碳影响不显著;原料及炭热值较低;重金属Cd和Pb含量低于“有机-无机复混肥料”标准限值（GB 18877—2009）;Hg和Cr含量较低,符合肥料用有害重金属元素限值标准,而有益于植物生长的元素Mn和Zn含量较高,本研究为减量化处理复杂沼渣提供了理论依据。     

小球藻对奶牛场沼液处理能力及生物质生产的探究

为资源化处理奶牛场沼液、探究小球藻Chlorella vulgaris NIES-227对奶牛场沼液的处理能力以及生物质利用潜力,在柱式光生物反应器中利用小球藻处理沼液占比分别为25%、50%、75%和 100% 4种不同浓度的未灭菌污水。研究结果显示,各浓度污水中总氮、总磷和COD的去除率分别为36.0%～92.5%、42.8%～100%和6.9%～32.2%。在沼液占比为25%的污水中氮磷的去除率最高,氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除效率分别可达99.9%、91.0%和100%。微藻在低浓度沼液（25%～50%）中生长状态良好,在沼液占比为50%的污水中可获得最高生物质产率393.6 mg/(L·d)。但是在高浓度沼液（75%～100%）中微藻生长受到一定抑制,导致氮磷的去除效果变差。培养期间细菌的数量增长显著,促进了COD的去除。各浓度沼液生物质中总脂、总糖和蛋白质含量分别为13.2%～32.2%、12.3%～27.6%和16.2%～30.9%。实验数据表明,低浓度沼液能产生更多高能量组分的生物质,适合用作生物燃料的开发;高浓度沼液能产生含较多蛋白质的生物质,更适合用作动物饲料。     

餐厨垃圾和厨余垃圾厌氧消化产生沼渣的脱水性能分析

以餐厨垃圾和厨余垃圾为原料进行中温厌氧消化反应,采用含固率(TS)、离心脱水后含固率(CTS)、模化毛细吸水时间(NCST)、过滤比阻(SRF)以及结合水含量(BW)为脱水性能评价指标,研究不同厌氧消化阶段产生沼渣的脱水性能。研究发现:沼渣TS变化范围为3.0%～9.9%,CTS为10.9%～31.0%,NCST为50.8～163.7 s·L·(g TS)^-1,SRF为2.1×10¹³ ～13.8×10¹³ m·kg^-1,BW为2.3～15.1 g·(g TS)^-1。厌氧反应器的累计甲烷产量始终是餐厨垃圾高于厨余垃圾,前者最高可达381 ml·(g VS_added)^-1,而后者仅为280 ml·(g VS_added)^-1;沼渣的脱水性能主要受厌氧消化时间的影响。同时,以餐厨垃圾为原料的沼渣可以达到的脱水程度较高,而以厨余垃圾为原料的沼渣的脱水速率较快;沼渣TS与NCST、SRF和BW脱水指标的两两间相关性显著,而与CTS没有明显相关性。     

Anaerobic digestion of corn silage on a commercial scale: Differential utilization of its chemical constituents and characterization of the solid digestate

The utilization of different chemical constituents of corn silage during industrial-scale anaerobic digestion was determined. Corn silage together with the resulting solid digestate generated during biogas production were collected from an industrial plant during a regular operating period. Moisture, water and ethanol extractives, ash, total nitrogen, starch, cellulose, the monomeric composition of hemicellulose, acid soluble and acid insoluble lignin were measured in both corn silage and corn silage solid digestate. The relative consumption of each component of corn silage during its anaerobic digestion was estimated with reference to acid insoluble lignin. It was assumed that lignin was not digested throughout the process. Starch and large fractions of extractives and acid soluble lignin were digested. In contrast, the digestion of cellulose and particularly hemicellulose were limited (40% and 29% respectively). Of the hemicellulose monomers, xylose was the least digested (20%). The present work shows that the digestate produced by commercial corn-silage anaerobic digestion contains a notable quantity of cell wall polymers. These could potentially be used in biorefinery processes, e.g. ethanol and xylo-oligosaccharide production.     

Alkaline pyrolysis of anaerobic digestion residue with selective hydrogen production

Hydrogen (H₂) production from biomass has attracted the research attention as it is renewable and clean. This work investigates the alkaline pyrolysis (AP) of corn stover digestate (CSD) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to promote the production of H₂ and suppress carbon dioxide (CO₂) at moderate conditions. It is observed that the H₂ production is affected by the mass ratio of CSD to NaOH and reaction temperature. The H₂ yield is enhanced from 1:1 to 1:2 ratio of CSD to NaOH (10.9–25.9 mmol g⁻¹) with the purity of 81.21–84.98% at 500 °C, whereas a slight increase in H₂ production at 1:3 ratio of CSD to NaOH is observed which may attribute to the mass transfer matter. The possible mechanism of AP is identified. Through the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was applied which evidences the catalytic ability of NaOH via the reduced activation energies.     

短程硝化反硝化工艺处理养猪场废水的厌氧消化液

许多规模化养猪场的厌氧消化液直接外排,造成了严重的二次污染.难降解有机物含量高且碳氮比失调是造成养猪场废水厌氧消化液难于处理的主要原因.采用水解/生物接触氧化(O_1)/厌氧生物膜/生物接触氧化(O_2)组合工艺处理养猪场废水的厌氧消化液,在常温、不添加任何药剂的条件下,实现了稳定的短程硝化反硝化;在水力负荷约为0.45 m~3/(m~2·d)的条件下,其对COD和氨氮的总去除率分别为(78%～85%)、(79%～87%),亚硝化率>99%,为高氨氮、低碳氮比废水的生物处理提供了一条有效途径.     

Urban air pollution and solar energy

The design and performance of solar energy systems for many potential applications (industrial/residential heat, electricity generation by solar concentration and photovoltaics) will be critically affected by local insolation conditions. The effects of urban air pollution are considered and reviewed. A study of insolation data for Alhambra, California (9 km south of Pasadena) shows that during a recent second-stage photochemical smog alert (≥0.35 ppm ozone), the direct beam insolation at solar noon was reduced by 40%, and the total global by 15%, from clean air values. Similar effects have been observed in Pasadena and are attributable primarily to air pollution. Effects due to advecting smog have been detected 200 km away in the Mojave Desert. Preliminary performance and economic simulations of solar thermal and photovoltaic power systems indicate increasing non-linear sensitivity of life cycle plant cost to reductions in insolation levels due to pollution.