脉冲电流对6016-T4铝合金板材力学性能的影响

为研究在电流辅助成形时脉冲电流的电流密度、占空比和脉冲频率3个因素对6016-T4铝合金板材力学性能的影响规律,设计了3因素5水平的正交实验。实验表明,对6016-T4铝合金力学性能影响的主次因素是:电流密度>占空比>脉冲频率。在此基础上,选用主次2个因素,即电流密度和脉冲频率,使用控制变量法进行进一步的实验研究。实验结果表明,电流密度对6016-T4铝合金力学性能影响较大,改变电流密度的同时带来了明显的焦耳热效应,该效应对材料有明显的软化作用,降低了材料的流动应力,但是,同时也降低了铝合金板的伸长率,这是因为过大的电流密度加剧了试样的主应变演化,进而促进了试样的断裂。而脉冲频率的变化对6016-T4铝合金板材的力学性能影响很小,这也印证了正交实验的结论。     

Remote Steering of Self‐Propelling Microcircuits by Modulated Electric Field

The principles and design of “active” self‐propelling particles that can convert energy, move directionally on their own, and perform a certain function is an emerging multidisciplinary research field, with high potential for future technologies. A simple and effective technique is presented for on‐demand steering of self‐propelling microdiodes that move electroosmotically on water surface, while supplied with energy by an external alternating (AC) field. It is demonstrated how one can control remotely the direction of diode locomotion by electronically modifying the applied AC signal. The swimming diodes change their direction of motion when a wave asymmetry (equivalent to a DC offset) is introduced into the signal. The data analysis shows that the ability to control and reverse the direction of motion is a result of the electrostatic torque between the asymmetrically polarized diodes and the ionic charges redistributed in the vessel. This novel principle of electrical signal‐coded steering of active functional devices, such as diodes and microcircuits, can find applications in motile sensors, MEMs, and microrobotics.     

Reduction of Ripple Current Loss by Electromagnetic Coupling of Air‐Core Reactors

To reduce the loss due to ripple current in a multiphase current‐reversible chopper, we investigated electromagnetic coupling of an air‐core reactor. We derived the relationship between the amplitude of the ripple current, the duty factor, and the electromagnetic coupling coefficient, and used the results to estimate the effects of electromagnetic coupling in the design of a train energy storage system. We built reactors with electromagnetic coupling coefficients of 0.93 and 0.60. These reactors employed a new winding structure that provides an optimal electromagnetic coupling coefficient. The mass of the former type of reactor was increased by 4.4% over the conventional design, and that of the latter type of reactor was decreased by 17%. Finally, we tested the new reactors. When the chopper employs the former type of reactor and operates with equal‐phase switching and cumulative coupling, the loss due to ripple current is decreased by 11%. When the chopper employs the latter type of reactor and operates with shift‐phase switching and differential coupling, the loss is decreased to 31%. The test showed that the calculated relationships agreed with the measured values.     

[可靠性建模及试验技术]重型机床液压元件油液污染退化量分布剖面可靠性建模

针对重型机床液压系统故障频繁且多与油液中的固态颗粒污染物相关的问题，进行了油液污染趋势变化试验。通过时域分析获得了油样颗粒数的有量纲和量纲一参数，通过Q-Q图和K-S检验分析有量纲参数，污染颗粒数是退化量服从正态分布的退化数据。进行了油液污染与环境相关性分析试验，采用相关系数法分析得到，颗粒数变化量与一定范围内的温度、流量、压力的相关性小；将液压元件分为管路、阀、过滤器三类，用直径5 μm左右的颗粒和直径大于15 μm的颗粒分别研究管路及阀件的堵塞和磨损情况，以过滤器过滤精度大小的颗粒研究过滤器的堵塞情况，设定ISO4406标准20/17级对应的颗粒数为阈值，利用退化量分布建立了液压元件单一故障模式的可靠性模型；利用竞争失效模型将上述模型融合为多故障模式下的可靠性模型。     

Liquid pump-enabled hydrogen refueling system for medium and heavy duty fuel cell vehicles: Station design and technoeconomic assessment

Recent progress in submerged liquid hydrogen (LH₂) cryopump technology development offers improved hydrogen fueling performance at a reduced cost in medium- and heavy-duty (MDV and HDV) fuel cell vehicle refueling applications at 35 MPa pressure, compared to fueling via gas compression. In this paper, we evaluate the fueling cost associated with cryopump-based refueling stations for different MDV and HDV hydrogen demand profiles. We adapt the Heavy Duty Refueling Station Analysis Model (HDRSAM) tool to analyze the submerged cryopump case, and compare the estimated fuel dispensing costs of stations supplied with LH₂ for fueling Class 4 delivery van (MDV), public transit bus (HDV), and Class 8 truck (HDV) fleets using cryopumps relative to station designs. A sensitivity analysis around upstream costs illustrates the trade-offs associated with H₂ production from onsite electrolysis versus central LH₂ production and delivery. Our results indicate that LH₂ cryopump-based stations become more economically attractive as the total station capacity (kg dispensed per day) and hourly demand (vehicles per hour) increase. Depending on the use case, savings relative to next best options range from about 5% up to 44% in dispensed costs, with more favorable economics at larger stations with high utilization.     

脉冲占空比对Ni-W合金镀层耐蚀性的影响

采用脉冲电沉积方法在纯铜基体上制备出Ni-W合金镀层。研究了脉冲占空比(30%~60%)对镀层表面形貌、结构、成分和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:制得的Ni-W合金镀层表面致密、平整,W的质量分数在46.84%~49.24%范围内窄幅波动,具有非晶态结构。脉冲占空比为50%时制得的镀层的耐蚀性最好。在3.5%的NaCl溶液中,自腐蚀电位较正,自腐蚀电流密度最小,电荷转移电阻最大。     

占空比对5005铝合金赤泥等离子体电解氧化复合陶瓷层结构和性能的影响探究

目的 探究正负脉冲占空比对5005铝合金表面赤泥（RM）等离子体电解氧化（PEO）复合陶瓷层的生长机制、组织结构和抗腐蚀性能的影响。方法 以赤泥为电解液添加剂,采用PEO技术,以不同正负占空比配比在5005铝合金表面制备陶瓷层,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、附带能谱仪（EDS）的扫描电镜（SEM）和电化学工作站,测试和表征陶瓷层的物相组成、微观形貌和成分以及抗腐蚀性能。结果 单独升高正、负占空比,电流均增大,击穿放电作用加强,赤泥颗粒扩散速率和参与成膜的浓度增加,陶瓷层生长速度加快,厚度增大,颜色变深,受负占空比的影响比较明显,反应时间为20 min时,厚度最大分别可达27.70 μm 和35.82 μm。陶瓷层主要由γ-Al2O3组成,并含有少量的无定形相、α-Al2O3以及赤泥矿物相Fe2O3、CaCO3和SiO2,其中α-Al2O3和Fe2O3含量随负占空比的升高而快速增加,最多可分别达到6.40%和2.86%。陶瓷层的致密性和抗腐蚀性能随正负占空比的升高,均先增加后降低,但负占空比的影响较正占空比的大,当正占空比为28%~42%和负占空比为12%~18%时,陶瓷层的结构致密,腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀速率小,阻抗大,抗腐蚀性能好。结论 PEO陶瓷层的组织结构和性能受正占空比的影响较负占空比的小,适当的正负占空比配比可获得结构致密、抗腐蚀性能好的赤泥PEO复合陶瓷层。     

风口上置置换通风的实验研究

对风口上置置换通风系统进行实验研究,得出此种通风方式下送风口的速度分布,室内的温度分布,O.1m处的风速等实验数据.通过分析实验数据得出,风口上置置换通风在满足室内热舒适性的前提下,能够提高房间的负荷承担能力,与混合通风相比能够得出较高的通风效率;另外,阶梯形的风口较普通的送风口能较少的卷吸上区品质差的空气,能更好地满足上置置换通风的风口特性要求.     

浅谈“九大员”在施工过程中的作用

随着建筑市场的规范和市场化日渐成熟,建筑企业在招投标,施工的管理过程中,“九大员”越来越体现出它的重要性和非常性,如何充分发挥“九大员”在施工过程中的作用,明确“九大员”在施工过程中的职责,协调“九大员”在施工过程的工作内容,奖惩“九大员”在施工过程中的功过,又是目前建筑界一个新课题。     

Modeling of phase‐shifted full‐bridge ZVS converter based on a new expression of effective duty ratio

This paper presents a simple but precise model of phase‐shifted full bridge zero‐voltage switching (PSFB ZVS) converter by introducing an effective duty ratio. The resonant states of PSFB ZVS converter are fully considered in the derivation of effective duty ratio, which results in a model with high precision. According to the proposed model, the output voltage of PSFB ZVS converter is not determined by duty ratio but by the phase shift, which is different from traditional models, and is verified by simulation and experiment. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.