日本寒冷地带北海道优良食味粳稻育种研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

长久以来，北海道产大米的食味口碑一直不高，也未出现像“越光”一样全日本知名的优良食味品种，因此，自1980年开始历时28年，北海道立（现称道总研）农业试验场致力于粳稻优良食味品种快速研究项目的实施。为实现快速研发的目标，通过世代促进栽培法和花药培养法成功缩短了育种年限；采用扩大育种规模的方式，并利用优良食味、耐寒性等内外部有效基因培育兼具优良食味及早熟耐寒性的品种；初期世代开始主要通过分析大米的蛋白质含量、尤其是直链淀粉含量，中间世代则通过少量蒸饭的方式进行食味品鉴，选育出优良食味种系。在食味遗传基因的改良方面，先是集聚北海道优良食味的遗传基因培育出品种“雪光”，再经由北海道品种引进“越光”的优良食味遗传基因，之后以日本东北优良食味遗传基因品种“秋田小町”作为直接杂交母本，分别成功培育出品种“闪光397”和“星之梦”，其直链淀粉含量与以往多肥多产品种的22%相比降低了2%。在此基础之上，引进美国品种“国宝玫瑰”优良食味遗传基因的品种“七星”成功问世，其直链淀粉含量又降低了1%；以变异低直链淀粉种系“北海287号”为母本，成功培育出“梦美”，其直链淀粉含量15%~16%，粘度和软度俱佳，食味亦可与“越光”媲美。     

Perceived density,a further attribute of color,revealed by the colors favored in Japan

Colors can be characterized by three main attributes: hue, value, and saturation. But colors also exhibit other phenomenological qualities. In this study, we identify one such secondary attribute of color: perceived density. We discuss the prevalence of dense colors in Japan starting from the “48 Teas and 100 Mice” colors of the Edo period, and develop the concept of perceived density through this aspect of Japanese color preference. When vivid colors were forbidden to commoners during the Edo period, subtle variations of brownish and grayish colors were created. These colors with base tones were not salient, yet they looked dense. Muted colors with paradoxical richness are still common in Japan today. Japanese commodity design often uses muddy colors with white or gray undertones, and deep colors with black undertones. Together they form distinct groupings of relatively dense color. The perceived density of color corresponds to how dense and filled, or thin and airy a color appears. Colors of higher perceived density appear to be more packed and to have mass. Perceived density of color is unusual in that it does not have a monotonic relationship with one of the primary perceptual attributes. High apparent density is observed in a central region of an equi‐hue plane where value or saturation are at intermediate values. We consider two possible explanations of how high values of density can coincide with middling values of value and saturation: characteristics of the spectral reflectance curves, or the complexity of the neural signals that underlie the emergent property.     

有关德川本《髹饰录》的研究——兼谈《髹饰录》流徙诸情况

德川本《髹饰录》,作为同是保存于东京国立博物馆的《髹饰录》抄本,与蒹葭堂本《髹饰录》相同,皆是该馆所存中国漆艺文典精粹。但历年来国内仅知有蒹葭堂本,而对于德川本的情况所知甚少。本文便针对德川本《髹饰录》的研究情况作介绍,同时论及有关《髹饰录》早期在国内流转至日本期间的一些情况,谈谈其中的可能性及其成因。     

Comprehensive planning in Japanese large cities

Comprehensive planning has been a key activity of local governments in Japan. This paper discusses the history of the comprehensive planning concept and argues that the purpose of comprehensive planning in large Japanese cities (dai-toshi) differs from that in Western cities. Specifically, Japanese comprehensive plans reflect Japan’s distinctive planning and political culture, such as the country’s history of granting gradually increased local autonomy to its cities under the Local Government Act, and the implementation of top-down plans prepared and implemented by powerful mayors and bureaucracies. Since year 2000 comprehensive plans for Japanese large cities have begun to change due to lower rates of economic growth, population stability, and ageing, alongside the challenges of introducing more efficiency and effectiveness into the planning process.     

Comparison of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their variability causes in the ambient air in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and in Osaka, Japan, during 2005-2006

A comparative study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with particulate matter (TSP) in the ambient air in an urban area in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and in Osaka, Japan was carried out from 2005 to 2006. The objective of this study was to investigate the environmental levels, emission sources, seasonal variations and health risk of eleven PAHs in the two cities, especially Ho Chi Minh City where air pollution is becoming a serious concern. The results showed that the concentrations of TSP and total PAHs were significantly higher in Ho Chi Minh City than levels in Osaka. The concentrations of 5- and 6-ring PAHs (BeP, BbF, BkF, BaP, BghiP and InP) were much higher in TSP samples in Ho Chi Minh City than in Osaka, accounting for 82% and 51% of total PAHs, respectively. These PAHs are known to be highly carcinogenic and mutagenic in humans. Vehicular emission is suggested as one of the main pollution sources of PAHs in both cities. Motorcycles and gasoline automobiles are suggested as the main emission sources of PAHs in Ho Chi Minh City, whereas diesel automobiles are the primary source in Osaka. Seasonal variations of PAHs were observed in this study; higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the rainy season (May-December) and lower concentrations corresponded to the dry season (February-April) in Ho Chi Minh City, while higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in the winter (November-January) in Osaka. The number of sunshine hours was an important meteorological factor affecting seasonal variations of PAHs in Ho Chi Minh City, while the temperature was a main factor causing the variations of PAHs in Osaka. The high BaP equivalent concentration of 5- and 6-ring PAHs even in the ambient air is an alarming signal for harmfulness to human health and environmental quality in Ho Chi Minh City.     

日本住宅的空调方式与设备

介绍了日本住宅建设的状况、住宅中空调设备与系统的主要方式及住宅用能源的消耗量和CO2的排放量。同时对近年来住宅环境设备的新动向和住宅空调设备的新技术作了介绍。     

Recent progress and perspectives in cadmium health effects studies

Cadmium is a heavy metal, which is recently known to be hazardous to man. Cadmium workers have been observed to suffer from renal dysfunction and lung emphysema after long-term exposure to cadmium. However, since Itai-Itai disease, osteomalacia provoked in Toyama prefecture of Japan, was designated as a disease caused by cadmium in 1968, much attention has been paid to the health effects of residents in cadmium-polluted areas. The author described here recent progress and perspectives on cadmium health effect studies, cadmium analysis in biological samples; absorption, distribution and excretion of cadmium; health effects of residents in cadmium-polluted area; survey on the health status of Itai-Itai disease patients; beta 2-microglobulinuria; intestinal tract impairment and bone metabolism; effects on bone; effects on the liver; early diagnosis of cadmium effects; effects on future generations; carcinogenicity; critical concentration of cadmium; metallothionein; recommendations for future studies. One-hundred and sixty references are cited in this review.     

浅谈中日传统建筑观念上的差异

本文简要比较了中国和日本传统建筑观念上的差异     

世界大都市圈的人口发展及特征分析

以美国和日本为重点 ,分析了世界大都市圈的人口发展及其规模、结构、分布等特征。探讨了美国大都市圈发展的基本态势、新特点及其产生的矛盾 ,并特别就纽约大都市区的人口发展提出 :(1 )人口总量的变动受到移民的强烈影响 ;(2 )在人口郊区化的大潮下 ,中心城市仍有所复兴 ;(3)由一个特大城市组合一批中小城市形成庞大的组团式城市群。同时探讨了日本大都市圈发展的基本态势和特点 ,并针对东京大都市圈的人口发展提出 :(1 )总人口增长显著超过全国平均增长率 ;(2 )人口迅速进入少子高龄化 ,但其程度明显低于日本其他地区 ;(3)人口大量由中心城市向近、远郊区的中小城镇扩散 ,形成世界最大的通勤圈 ;(4)人口的就业结构大幅度向第三产业倾斜     

职业建筑师与建筑——日本的建筑师职能体系及中日比较（1）

本文以作者的职业经历为基础,概要地分析了职业建筑师的起源及建筑·建筑生产的特征,勾勒出日本职业建筑师、日本的建筑生产的特征。