Ultra-fine particles release from hardcopy devices: sources, real-room measurements and efficiency of filter accessories

The release of ultra-fine particles (UFP, d < 0.1 µm) from hardcopy devices such as laser printers into the indoor environment is currently a topic of high concern. The general emission behavior of a printer can be examined by conducting emission test chamber measurements with particle-counting devices. Chamber experiments with modified laser printers operated without toner or paper also revealed UFP emissions. On the basis of these results we reasonably doubt the opinion that UFPs primarily originate from the toner. Instead, the high-temperature fuser unit is assumed to be one source for ultra-fine particle emission. UFP release typically follows the flow path of the cooling air which may leave the printer casing at various points (e.g. the paper tray). This limits the usability of the commercial filter systems available because the released particles could leave the printer without passing through the filter. Chamber measurements with various filter systems retrofitted to a laser printer demonstrate different efficiencies of UFP reduction. Complementary experiments were carried out in an office room. Here the decay of the particle concentration after a print job was about ten times slower than in the test chamber. A toxicological assessment of the emitted particles requires that their chemical composition be known. Due to the low mass of the released UFPs chemical analysis needs a prior enrichment on a feasible media. Experiments using electrostatic precipitation showed a flame retardant (tri-xylyl phosphate) whose concentration on the media was dependent on the number of pages printed. Whether this compound was particle-bound could not be determined.     

ECAP+旋锻变形制备超细晶纯锆的低周疲劳行为研究

采用等径弯曲通道（ECAP）+旋锻（RS）复合变形技术制备了超细晶工业纯锆,通过轴向对称应变控制方法对超细晶纯锆的低周疲劳性能进行研究,讨论了超细晶纯锆的循环应力-应变响应及滞后回线,并分析了超细晶纯锆的软硬化特性、累积滞后规律并预测其疲劳寿命。结果表明：超细晶纯锆的循环软硬化特性依赖于外加总应变幅的大小,而且总应变幅大于1.0%时软化比达到峰值,循环软化特性最为显著。滞后回线面积随着总应变幅的增大而增大,当应变幅较小时出现“棘齿现象”。回归分析表明超细晶纯锆疲劳寿命满足Coffin-Manson经验关系式。     

原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末制备超细YG6硬质合金

将原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末采用干袋式冷等静压压制成型(压制压力1×10~8 Pa、保压时间15 s),将压制好的坯料采用低压烧结炉烧结(烧结温度1360℃、烧结时间40 min、加压5 MPa、保温保压时间20 min),烧结制备超细YG6硬质合金,对合金的形貌、金相组织及物理力学性能进行分析。结果表明:原位合成WC-6Co复合粉末制备的超细YG6硬质合金,晶粒异常长大,WC平均晶粒尺寸为0.8μm,硬度HV_(30)为(21500±100) MPa,较传统超细YG6X硬度高。再将WC-6Co复合粉末采用滚动湿磨、压力式喷雾干燥、掺成型剂、挤压成型、低压烧结等工序制备超细YG6硬质合金,研究不同晶粒长大抑制剂配比、球磨时间、挤压压力、烧结温度对合金性能的影响。结果表明:添加0.3%VC、0.8%Cr_3C_2(质量分数),湿磨48 h,挤压压力24 MPa,烧结温度1340℃,制备的超细YG6硬质合金WC晶粒均匀,无异常长大的WC晶粒,WC平均晶粒度尺寸0.4μm,呈多边形,外形较圆。强度、硬度最高,抗弯强度TRS为(2250±20) MPa、硬度HV30为(22600±100) MPa。断口形貌为沿晶断裂,沿WC与WC晶界断裂或WC与Co晶界断裂。     

超细水泥处理深井钻井液HCO3-和C0O32-污染

在深井钻探过程中,常遇到不同程度的HCO<,3><'->和CO<,3><'2->化学污染,使钻井液性能变化较大且极不稳定,在其处理过程中处理剂用量和性能的大幅度变化,容易造成井下复杂情况.特别是在中生界以下易垮塌的泥岩、膏泥岩和含煤线地层等复杂井段出现该情况时,单纯提高pH值和使用CaO的常规处理方法已不能满足井下的需要.通过室内实验和几口深井复杂井段的现场应用表明,选用超细水泥处理HCO<,3><'2->和CO<,3><'2->污染的效果好,其对钻井液的流变性影响小,同时能够有效地起到稳定井壁作用,从而可保证各项钻井施工任务的顺利进行.     

放电等离子烧结温度对超细晶W-40Cu复合材料的影响

采用高能球磨法制备了W-40Cu超细晶复合粉体,继而进行了放电等离子烧结(SPS),获得了致密的超细晶W-40Cu块体复合材料,着重研究了烧结温度对复合材料组织和性能的影响.结果表明,随着烧结温度升高,材料的致密度、硬度和电导率也随之升高;在950℃烧结5 min的W-40Cu复合材料,W颗粒尺寸约300～500 nm,相对致密度达98％,显微硬度HV为287,电导率为17.9 MS/m.     

Enhanced performance of direct peroxide/peroxide fuel cell by using ultrafine Nickel Ferric Ferrocyanide nanoparticles as the cathode catalyst

Direct peroxide-peroxide fuel cell (DPPFC) employing with H₂O₂ both as the fuel and oxidant is an attractive fuel cell due to its no intermediates, easy handling, low toxicity and expense. However, the major gap of DPPFC is the cathode performance as a result of the slow reaction kinetics of H₂O₂ electro-reduction and thus the target issue is to design cathode catalysts with high performance and low cost. Herein, different with using noble metal of state-of-the-art, we have successfully synthesized ultra-fine NiFe ferrocyanide (NiFeHCF) nanoparticles (the mean particles size is 2.5 nm) through a co-precipitation method, which is used as the cathode catalyst towards H₂O₂ reduction in acidic medium. The current density of H₂O₂ reduction on the resultant NiFeHCF electrode after the 1800 s test period at ?0.1, 0 and 0.1 V are 121, 93 and 76 mA cm², respectively. Meanwhile, a single two-compartment DPPFC cell with NiFeHCF nanoparticles as the cathode and Ni/Ni foam as the anode is assembled and displayed a stable OCP of 1.09 V and a peak power density of 36 mW cm^?2 at 20 °C, which is much higher than that of a DPPFC employed with Pd nano-catalyst as cathode.     

Microstructural and mechanical properties of commercially pure aluminum subjected to Dual Equal Channel Lateral Extrusion

This paper aims to provide an introductory insight about “Dual Equal Channel Lateral Extrusion”, a counterpart of “Equal Channel Angular Extrusion”. The process is implemented to severely refine the microstructure of aluminum slabs. Comparisons of macroscopic parameters as average straining and large scale distribution of strain, as well as process loads reveal the supremacies and short comings of DECLE with respect to ECAE. DECLE shares a relatively similar geometry of deformation with that of ECAE. The advantages of this process with respect to ECAE are: (i) more intensive strains attainable per pass, and (ii) less extruding power needed for a given sample size. Nonetheless, less homogeneous strain per pass is seen in case of DECLE. TEM inspections revealed remarkable refinement of the microstructure through out the process and also some recrystallization at the final passes. Hardness tends to increase through successive passes to a limiting value beyond which there appeared a decline associated with intense recovery and the recrystallization observed. Compression tests exhibit the same trend, viz. a general rise in strength followed by a decrease in work hardening with increasing number of passes, leading to uniform microstructure and hardness after 9 passes.     

Synthesis of ultra-fine α-Al2O3 fibers via electrospinning method

Ultra-fine Al₂O₃ fibers were synthesized via electrospinning technique using PVP/ethanol polymer solution and aluminium acetate sol followed by calcinations at higher temperature. The formation, crystalline phase, surface morphology, fibers diameter and surface area of alumina ultra-fine fibers were characterized using FT-IR, TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM and BET analytical techniques. The results show that pure and crystalline α-Al₂O₃ ultra-fine fibers were formed with fiber diameter in the range of 100–500 nm and BET surface area of the fibers were found to be 40 m²/g.     

气流循环粉碎法制备Al2O3超细粉的研究

以粗颗粒Al2O3粉为原料,采用气流循环粉碎法制备了d50＜1μm的Al2O3超细粉.按正交表L9(34)安排正交试验,通过方差分析确定了制备Al2O3超细粉的最佳气流循环粉碎条件,并分析了各因素对气流循环粉碎过程的影响程度.不同物料的最佳气流循环粉碎条件应通过实验确定.在本研究的实验条件下,制备Al2O3超细粉的最佳条件为进气压力1.0 MPa,给料压力0.4 MPa,循环时间1.5 h.     

一种低温早强低密度水泥浆

低温下,常规低密度水泥浆体系早期强度发展缓慢,水泥石胶结能力差,影响了水泥环封固质量,浅层易漏井固井质量问题日益突出,为此,进行低温早强低密度水泥浆体系研究。根据紧密堆积理论及综合室内实验研究,研制了密度为1.30~1.50 g/cm3的低温早强低密度水泥浆体系,主要优选了超细胶凝材料和锂盐复合早强剂,增加了低密度水泥石的致密性,提高了低密度水泥石的早期强度,25℃凝结时间为13 h,24 h抗压强度为10.2 MPa。该体系具有低温早期强度高,凝结时间短,稳定性好等优点。在大庆油田现场成功应用2口井,固井质量合格率100%,取得良好的应用效果。