Enzymolysis kinetics of garlic powder with single frequency countercurrent ultrasound pretreatment

This research was to describe the enzymolysis process of garlic powder which was pretreated by single frequency countercurrent ultrasound. The kinetic constants for ultrasonic pretreated and traditional enzymolysis have been determined. Results showed the value of K_M in ultrasonic pretreated enzymolysis decreased by 12.7% over the traditional enzymolysis, which indicates a fast reaction speed induced by ultrasound pretreatment. Degrees of hydrolysis (DH) in the enzymolysis of garlic powder were determined and kinetics of the reaction was considered in detail in relation to substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, reaction time and DH. Our results suggested a general kinetic equation for the enzymolysis model of ultrasonic pretreated garlic powder. For the model system, the calculated values agree well with the experimental data with average relative error of 4.42%. The proposed kinetic equation can be used to model the bio-reaction process of protein enzymatic hydrolysis and optimize the operation parameters for bioreactor design.     

Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by controlled bio-precipitation using leaf extract of Garlic Vine (Mansoa alliacea)

Iron (III) oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through green chemistry by the controlled reduction of hepta hydrous iron sulphate using the leaf extract of Garlic Vine. The crystalline phase of trivalent iron embedded in the primitive lattice of hexagonal β-Fe₂O₃ was obtained under the space group P3 (143). The scattered lines and considerably broadened peaks in the x-ray diffraction pattern indicate that the samples formed are crystallites of nano regime rather than bulk or amorphous in nature. Further, the size and the microstrain of the nanocrystallites were estimated through Hall Williamson analysis. The abundance of elemental iron present in the sample was estimated through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, whilst the UV visible analysis and FT-IR measurements, in accordance with XRD result, endorsed the formation of iron (III) oxide nanocrystals with iron predominantly occupying the octahedral sites. The band gap energy (2.84 eV) corresponds to the best fit is found to be for indirect allowed semiconducting transition between valance and conduction bands. Further, the TGA measurements were performed to identify the presence of capped polymer over the surface of nanoparticles, the organic decomposition temperature and phase transformation of meta-stable β-Fe₂O₃ to stable α-Fe₂O₃ at temperature above 500 °C.     

苯酚—硫酸法测定仁东大蒜中的总糖

对大蒜总糖的提取条件进行优化,研究表明,6 mol/L提取剂盐酸的量为10.0 mL、加入蒸馏水15 mL、提取时间为30min沸水浴加热时为最佳提取条件。以葡萄糖为对照,采用苯酚-硫酸做为显色剂,对该法从检测波长、显色剂用量、显色时间、显色温度等方面进行最佳显色条件的研究。结果显示,最佳显色条件为精密吸取对照品溶液和供试品溶液0.2 mL,加蒸馏水至2.0 mL,加入浓度为5%苯酚1.0 mL,迅速滴加浓硫酸5.0 mL,室温25℃放置5 min后摇匀,沸水浴加热15 min,冷却至室温25℃,在最大吸收波长490 nm处测定吸光度。该方法的线性范围为5.05μg/mL~40.4μg/mL,标准溶液和试样的精密度RSD分别为1.58%和1.08%,加标回收率为95.74%~98.28%。该方法用于玉林仁东等9种不同产地的大蒜总糖含量的测定,得大蒜中总糖的含量为170.0 mg/g~220.0 mg/g。     

大蒜提取物沸腾干燥过程研究

采用系统设计和分析方法,通过对大蒜提取物的浓缩液在流化床干燥制粒机中的干燥制粒实验,得出了进风温度、进风量、喷雾空气压力、喷雾速度等主要参数的优化值;通过对FL-5型沸腾制粒机的改造,达到了改善颗粒的均匀度的目的.     

大蒜油的提取及其抗氧化性能的研究

本文采用蒸馏法和溶剂法对大蒜油的提取进行了研究,并对两种产品的成分进行了比较分析,确定了水蒸汽蒸馏法提取大蒜油的最佳工艺:酶解温度35℃,酶解时间60min,酶解pH值6.5,料液比为1:3,酶激活性剂Fe2 浓度为10mmol/L,得率为0.325％。通过正交试验确定了以正已烷为溶剂的最佳工艺:温度80℃,料液比1:5,时间2.5h,得率为0.24％。通过比较分析得到两种方法提取的大蒜油的成分组成不同,各有特点。通过OSI法测定了两种提取物对精炼鱼油的抗氧化活性,结果表明两者都有一定的抗氧化活性,并且水蒸汽蒸馏法得到的大蒜油B的活性大于溶剂法提取的大蒜油C,而且二者的抗氧化活性与生育酚相当。     

蒜泥绿变机理的研究

在前人对洋葱泥红变的研究基础上,研究了蒜泥绿变的机理。通过测定休眠与打破休眠的大蒜中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的活性存在与否,大蒜中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活性的变化与蒜泥绿变的关系,以及在不能绿变的大蒜中添加γ-谷氨酰转肽酶而使蒜泥变绿,确定了γ-谷氨酰转肽酶对蒜泥绿变的作用。研究了与蒜泥绿色素形成有关的物质:色素中间体、蒜酶、氨基酸、羰基化合物和色素前体,提出了蒜泥绿色素形成的假说。     

大蒜精油对食用油脂的抗氧化特性

以过氧化值（POV）为指标研究了大蒜精油对花生油的抗氧化性能。结果表明：大蒜精油对花生油具有较强的抗氧化作用，且具有剂量效应关系；添加了大蒜精油的花生油应尽量贮存于低温条件下；VC、柠檬酸、酒石酸对大蒜精油的抗氧化作用均有协同增效作用；大蒜精油与合成抗氧化剂混合使用时，其抗氧化能力均好于只添加单一抗氧化剂的效果；使用0．2％大蒜精油和0．04％大蒜精油＋0．005％PG为花生油的抗氧化剂时，可使花生油在20℃下的贷架寿命由4．2个月延长至24．3个月和14．1个月。     

大蒜品种及预处理条件对超临界CO2萃取效果的影响

对大蒜品种及预处理条件对大蒜超临界C02萃取效果的影响进行了研究，研究结果表明：在相同的萃取分离条件下，以兴平白皮作为萃取原料，料理机破碎至3—4mm，选择加料量为400g，并添加2．5g蒜皮，可获得较高的萃取率。     

超临界流体萃取大蒜油的工艺研究

对温度、时间、压力对超临界二氧化碳萃取大蒜的影响进行了研究，通过正交试验得到最佳的工艺条件，并对试验所得产物进行测定。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of garlic in chicken sausage

The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of equivalent concentrations of fresh garlic (FG), garlic powder (GP) and garlic oil (GO) were investigated against lipid oxidation and microbial growth in raw chicken sausage during storage at 3°C. The antioxidant activities were compared to that of a standard synthetic antioxidant; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The initial mean levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and peroxide value (POV) were 0.140 and 6.32, respectively. However after 21 days of storage, TBA and POV ranged from 0.151 to 4.92, respectively, in FG (50 g/kg) formulated samples to 0.214 and 8.64, respectively, in GO (0.06 g/kg) formulation. Addition of either garlic or BHA (0.1 g/kg) significantly delayed lipid oxidation when compared with control. The antioxidant activities of the various materials added followed the order FG>GP>BHA>GO. On the other hand, the initial aerobic plate count (APC) in the samples was 4.41 log₁₀ CFU/g. Addition of FG (30 g/kg) or GP (9 g/kg) significantly reduced the APC and, subsequently, the shelf-life of the product was extended to 21 days. However, addition of GO or BHA resulted in no significant difference in APC when compared with control. Sensory analysis indicated that FG had a significant stronger flavor than the other sausage formulations. The results suggest that fresh garlic and garlic powder, through their combined antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, are potentially useful in preserving meat products.