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1.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2022,47(45):19916-19934
In the present study, non-premixed combustion and NOx emission of H2, NH3, C3H8, and CH4 fuels have been studied in a combustion test unit under lean mixture conditions (λ = 4) at 8.6 kW thermal capacity. Furthermore, the combustion and NOx emission of the H2, C3H8, and CH4 fuels have been investigated for various NH3 enrichment ratios (5, 10, 20, and 50%) and excess air coefficients (λ = 1.1, 2, 3, and 4) at the same thermal capacity. The obtained results have been compared for each fuel. Numerical simulation results show that H2 emits intense energy through the reaction zone despite the lowest fuel consumption in mass, among others, due to its high calorific value. Therefore, it has a higher flame temperature than others. At the same time, C3H8 has the lowest flame temperature. Besides, NH3 has the shortest flame length among others, while C3H8 has the most extended flame form. The highest level of NOx is released from the NH3 flame in the combustion chamber, while the lowest NOx is released from the CH4. However, the lowest NOx emission at the combustion chamber exit is obtained in NH3 combustion, while the highest NOx emission is obtained with H2 combustion. It results from the shortest flame length of NH3, short residence time, and backward NOx reduction to N2 for NH3. As for H2, high flame temperature and relatively long flame, and high residence time of the products trigger NOx formation and keep the NOx level high. On the other hand, excess air coefficient from 1.1 to 2 increases NOx for H2, CH4, and NH3 due to their large flame diameters, unlike propane. Then, NOx emission levels decrease sharply as the excess air coefficient increases to 4 for each fuel. NH3 fuel also emits minimum NOx in other excess air coefficients at the exit, while H2 emits too much emission. With NH3 enrichment, the NOx emissions of H2, CH4, and C3H8 fuels at the combustion chamber exit decrease gradually almost every excess air coefficient apart from λ = 1.1. As a general conclusion, like renewable fuels, H2 appears to be a source of pollution in terms of NOx emissions in combustion applications. In contrast, NH3 appears to be a relatively modest fuel with a low NOx level. In addition, the high amount of NOx emission released from H2 and other fuels during the combustion can be remarkably reduced by NH3 enrichment with an excess air combustion. 相似文献
2.
Bianka Rocha Saraiva Lucas Henrique Maldonado da Silva Fernando Antônio Anjo Ana Carolina Pelaes Vital Jéssica Bassi Da Silva Marcos Luciano Bruschi Paula Toshimi Matumoto Pintro 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2020,55(5):1962-1970
Debittered trub (brewing waste) is an important source of protein source (70.26%). Trub and whey protein were used for 5% protein enrichment of ice cream frozen by liquid nitrogen. Three formulations were elaborated: ice cream standard (ICS), ice cream with whey protein (ICW) and ice cream with trub (ICT). Chemical composition, rheological properties, texture, overrun, melting rate, scanning electron microscopy and a sensorial test were performed. Results showed that ICT presented a higher viscosity, obtained on the upward curve up to 6.76 Pa s−1, consistency index (22.96 (Pa s−1)n), hysteresis area (140.40 mPa s−1) and hardness (31113.33 g) but a lower melting rate (0.38 g min−1), overrun (13.92%) and sensorial acceptability than the other formulations. The addition of trub debittered for protein enrichment improved ice cream properties and demonstrated that it could be used as a food ingredient. 相似文献
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4.
László Lőrincz Máté Zsemberi György Bánsághi Tamás Sohajda Edit Székely 《化学工程与技术》2018,41(7):1466-1472
Chiral molecules, especially enantiomers and diastereomers of purity > 99 %, present a significant market share within the chemical, pharmaceutical, and flavor industries. Antisolvent precipitations, both batch and semicontinuous operations to serve the current trends in flow chemistry were demonstrated to be environmentally benign and efficient tools in achieving high optical purities. Although salts are known to be insoluble in supercritical CO2, instabilities of the nascent salts were detected and applied for increasing efficiency. Diastereomeric excess values of the crystalline products exceeded 99 % in maximum of three consecutive steps both by repeated resolution with half molar equivalent of the amine to the acid and by direct recrystallization of the salts. 相似文献
5.
鄂尔多斯盆地榆林-神木地区上古生界裂缝和断层分布及其对天然气富集区的影响 总被引:10,自引:7,他引:3
鄂尔多斯盆地东部榆林-神木地区上古生界发育了断层和3种类型的裂缝.裂缝类型有区域构造缝、水平缝(包括层理缝与缝合线)和成岩缝,其中,区域构造缝主要呈北东向分布,在上古生界各层位均发育,缝合线在山2段中下部和太原组灰岩中都可见到,层理缝仅见于山西组山2段中下部,成岩缝仅见于石千峰组千5段.断层为逆断层,断穿了上古生界下部气藏的区域盖层和烃源岩.裂缝和断层分布对研究区重点勘探层位山2段、盒8段和千5段的天然气富集起到了重要作用:伴生的层理缝和缝合线的分布控制了山2段天然气富集区;区域构造缝的分布促进了盒8段天然气的富集;而千5段天然气的富集则依赖于本区断穿上石盒子组的断层和区域构造缝的分布.图6表2参29 相似文献
6.
廊固凹陷大兴断层对油气分布的控制研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
廊固凹陷断裂系统复杂,其中大兴断层是中西部的控盆边界断层,它通过对凹陷的构造样式、沉积特征的控制进而影响整个凹陷的油气分布。从区域构造背景和盆地的沉积演化角度,按不同段落断裂展布的方向、产状的陡缓、对沉积的控制作用以及不同层段物质组份的差异,将大兴断层划分为4段:北段、中北段、中南段和南段,各段又可进一步分为上下不同的两段。各段断层的结构、形态、伴生构造、活动时间等都存在较明显差异,通过控制物源而控制沉积相的展布、储层物性和生储盖组合。相应的伴生构造和沉积物发育特征导致构造、构造-岩性组合控制了油气的分布:北段下段、中北段下段近湖一侧是廊固凹陷中西部有利的油气聚集带;中北段上段发育的生物气藏具有一定的勘探前景。 相似文献
7.
Patricia Mortreau Reinhard Berndt 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2004,530(3):559-567
The traditional method used to non-destructively determine the uranium enrichment with an NaI detector is based on the “enrichment meter principle” (Progress report LA-4605-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NNM, 1970, p. 19), which involves measuring the intensity of the 186 keV line of 235U by selecting two regions of interest for the peak and the background. This type of method suffers from several limitations, the most limiting of which are the impossibility to make wall thickness correction or to take the inference of foreign radioisotopes into account. The NaIGEM software (A guide for using NaIGEM code, version 1.5 for DOS and Windows, 2001; Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 458 (2001) 196) was developed to overcome these limitations by calculating the 186 keV line intensity with a fitting procedure. The code was tested in different measurement conditions on the wide variety of certified samples, in particular, on reprocessed uranium and on depleted material with thick steel filters interposed between the source and the detector. The results are presented to illustrate the performance and limitations of the tested version (A guide for using NaIGEM code, version 1.5 for DOS and Windows, 2001). The general performance is good except in the case of low-enriched uranium in thick containers. 相似文献
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9.
基底元素表面富集与扩散阻档层 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据An-Ag系统以及An-Cu系统的扩散系数计算,提出了扩散阻挡层模型。利用这个模型对Au-Ag系统进行有关实验,得利了较好的验证。 相似文献
10.
本文根据近3×10~4km地震和13口探井及其它地球物理、地质等方面资料,综合分析认为:东海盆地西南部与盆地其它部分在发育演化、构造运动、沉积环境等方面差异甚大。 盆地西南部(杭州湾—冲绳岛断裂以南地区)发育演化经历了断陷—坳陷—隆起—铺盖四个阶段。始新世末期的隆起在研究区演化史上有15~20Ma的沉积间断、剥蚀。这段历程,盆地其它部分未曾经历。其次是区内始新世末期抬升运动,致使始新统及以下老地层受剥蚀,仅始新统最大剥蚀量达1000m,这是盆地内绝无仅有的。第三是第三纪以海相沉积环境为主,特别在始新世,为海侵高潮,海城宽阔达8000km~2,这时盆地东北部正接受陆相沉积。研究区中部(北东向)可能存在超压泥岩及多套生油岩系,应为有利生油气区。研究区可能是盆地最有油气远景地区之一。 相似文献