Estimation of exposures to non-nutritive sweeteners from consumption of tabletop sweetener products: a review

Reliable estimation of intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) from tabletop sweetener products (TTS) is complex. Some TTS contain more than one type of NNS and more importantly, there can be considerable formula variation between different types of TTS products; that is liquid, powder and tablet products. A survey of use levels (mg NNS/kg TTS retail product) confirmed wide variations and reflected major differences in the portion size, or mass, typically used to deliver a sweetness equivalent to around one teaspoon (tsp) of sugar. This paper reviews current intake estimation models and reveals that these models may result in inappropriate intake estimations, probably because some surveys did not discriminate between powder, tablet and liquid forms. The data suggest that using upper percentile consumption figures for powdered forms is a critical factor in intake estimations and may be a more realistic method by which overall exposure estimates could be obtained.     

富硒豆豉中安赛蜜、苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠、 脱氢乙酸的测定

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定富硒豆豉中安赛蜜、苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠和脱氢乙酸的分析方法。方法样品经过沉淀剂沉淀蛋白后过滤,使用C_(18)反向色谱柱(pH1.5～9.0)分离,用甲醇-乙酸铵溶液作为流动相进行洗脱,经高效液相色谱紫外检测器和二极管阵列检测器检测,检测波长为230 nm。结果 5种添加剂具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9990,检出限为1.0～2.0mg/kg。应用该方法检测富硒豆豉的加标回收率为90.2%～101.1%,相对标准偏差小于2.0%。结论本研究建立的方法有效可行,结果可靠,适用于富硒豆豉中5种添加剂的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱法测定白酒中甜蜜素和糖精钠的含量

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱法测定白酒中甜蜜素和糖精钠的含量。方法将白酒样品用超纯水直接稀释50倍,经0.22μm滤膜过滤后上机进行分析,采用Hypersil GOLD?C18色谱柱分离,以5 mmol乙酸铵和甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为35℃,外标法定量。结果甜蜜素和糖精钠在10～500μg/L范围内具有良好线性关系。样品中添加不同浓度的甜味剂时,甜蜜素的平均回收率为91.1%～98.3%,相对标准偏差为1.9%～4.1%;糖精钠的平均回收率在90.2%～97.6%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～4.3%。结论该方法适用于白酒中甜蜜素和糖精钠含量的测定。     

Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults

This research investigated the intakes of six intense sweeteners: acesulfame-K (E950), aspartame (E951), cyclamate (E952), saccharin (E954), sucralose (E955), and steviol glycosides (E960) in the diets of Irish adults, using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. A food label survey that included products currently available on the Irish market supplemented the analysis. Sweetener intakes were investigated using three different exposure scenarios; beginning with a crude assessment which assumed that all foods permitted to contain the additives of interest always did contain them, and at their maximum permitted level (Tier 1). Refined assessments estimated intakes of the six sweeteners using food consumption data up to brand level with additive occurrence data from a survey of products currently available on the Irish market (Tier 2) and sweetener concentration data (Tier 3). Results of all exposure assessment scenarios demonstrate that intakes of each of the sweeteners of interest by the total population were below the relevant ADI level (mg kg^?1 bodyweight^?1), even by high consumers (P99). The three sweeteners consumed in highest amounts were acesulfame-k, aspartame, and sucralose. The main sources of these sweeteners in the diet were ‘cider and perry’, ‘energy reduced and no added sugar (ER and NAS) carbonated flavoured drinks’, ‘table-top sweeteners’, ‘dairy products’, ‘solid food supplements’, and ‘sauces’. Intakes of the six intense sweeteners are currently not a concern among Irish adults. However, exposure to these chemicals should be monitored on a regular basis due to evolving market and consumption patterns.     

Estimated intake of intense sweeteners from non-alcoholic beverages in Denmark

In 1999, 116 samples of non-alcoholic beverages were analysed for the intense sweeteners cyclamate, acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin. High contents of cyclamate close to the maximum permitted level in 1999 of 400 mg l^-1 were found in many soft drinks. The estimated intake of the sweeteners was calculated using the Danish Dietary Survey based on 3098 persons aged 1-80 years. The estimated intake with 90th percentiles of 0.7, 4.0 and 0.2 mg kg^-1 body weight (bw) day^-1 for acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin, respectively, was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) values of 15, 40 and 2.5 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1 for acesulfame-K, aspartame and saccharin, respectively. However, the 90th percentile of the estimated cyclamate intake in 1-3 year olds was close to the ADI value of 7 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1; and the 99th percentile in the 1-10 year olds far exceeded the ADI value. Boys aged 7-10 years had a significantly higher estimated intake of cyclamate than girls. The 90th percentile for the whole population was 1.8 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1. After the reduction in the maximum permitted level in the European Union in 2004 from 400 to 250 mg cyclamate l^-1, the exposure in Denmark can also be expected to be reduced. A new investigation in 2007 should demonstrate whether the problem with high cyclamate intake is now solved.     

Cocaine-induced suppression of saccharin intake: A model of drug-induced devaluation of natural rewards.

In Experiment 1, water-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats were given 5 min access to saccharin. This tube retracted, an empty tube advanced, and the rats were given 1 hr to lick the empty tube on a fixed-ratio 10 lick contingency to self-administer saline or cocaine (0.33 mg/infusion) via an intravenous catheter. The results showed that rats avoided intake of saccharin after saccharin-cocaine pairings and that greater avoidance of the gustatory cue was associated with greater cocaine self-administration. In Experiment 2, a similar dose-response function was obtained with either the empty tube or a lever as the operant. In Experiment 3, avoidance of the saccharin cue and the propensity to self-administer cocaine were maintained after at least 1 month of abstinence. As such, this paradigm may be useful as a model of cue-induced craving and drug-induced devaluation of natural rewards. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

糖精对化学镀镍层的耐蚀性能影响

通过电化学和XRD以及表面形貌分析等方法，研究了光亮剂糖精对化学镀镍层耐腐蚀性能的影响及其机理，结果表明，糖精可以提高化学镀镍层在盐酸、硫酸、氯化钠中的耐蚀性能，但在氢氧化钠中耐腐蚀性能下降.     

茶饮料中糖精钠的测定

建立了茶饮料中糖精钠的荧光分光光度测定方法。样品前处理采用盐酸酸化,加入氯化钠,乙醚萃取后再用2 g/L碳酸钠溶液洗涤乙醚萃取层,加热除去乙醚定容后用荧光光度计测定。测试条件为：激发波长265 nm,发射波长475 nm。方法检测限为2 mg/kg,线性范围在2～60 mg/kg之间,变异系数为1.97%,回收率96.8%。     

Low-calorie sweeteners in food and food supplements on the Italian market

This study determines the occurrence and concentration levels of artificial low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) in food and food supplements on the Italian market. The analysed sample set (290 samples) was representative of the Italian market and comprised of beverages, jams, ketchups, confectionery, dairy products, table-top sweeteners and food supplements. All samples were analysed via UPLC-MS/MS. The method was in-house validated for the analysis of seven LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, neotame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone) in food and for five LCSs (aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamate and sucralose) in food supplements. Except for cyclamate in one beverage which exceeded the maximum level (ML) with 13%, all concentrations measured in food were around or below the ML. In food supplements, 40 of the 52 samples (77%) were found to be above the ML, with exceedances of up to 200% of the ML.     

超高压液相色谱-质谱法测定水果中添加的3种人工合成甜味剂

目的 建立水果中3 种人工合成甜味剂(甜蜜素、糖精钠、安赛蜜)的超高压液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。方法 以反相C18 柱为色谱柱, 乙腈?0.02 mol/L 乙酸铵溶液为流动相, 样品经纯水 提取后用色谱柱进行分离, 串联质谱负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式测定。结果 3 种人工合成甜味剂在10~600 μg/L 范围内响应峰面积和样品质量浓度之间有良好的线性关系(相关系数r≥0.995); 甜蜜素、糖精钠和安赛蜜 的最低检出限分别为0.8、5.0、1.0 μg/kg; 在2 种添加水平下, 样品平均回收率为74.9%~111.2%, 相对标准偏 差<8%。结论 该方法前处理简单, 分析时间短, 具有良好的灵敏度和准确性, 可用于水果中甜蜜素、糖精钠、 安赛蜜的同时检测。