Frequency of Upward Lightning Hits to Wind Turbines in Winter

In recent years, frequent damage to wind turbines by winter lightning has been reported in the region along the Sea of Japan. It is a serious finding that lightning hits concentrate on wind turbines in this region. The authors investigated the increase rate of the frequency of lightning hits on wind turbines due to wind turbine construction by using LLS (lightning location system) data. As a result, an experimental formula to estimate the increase rate of the frequency of lightning hits on wind turbines as a function of parameters related to the construction conditions, namely the height of wind turbines, the height above sea level, and the latitude, is proposed.     

Adaptation options for wheat in Europe will be limited by increased adverse weather events under climate change

Ways of increasing the production of wheat, the most widely grown cereal crop, will need to be found to meet the increasing demand caused by human population growth in the coming decades. This increase must occur despite the decrease in yield gains now being reported in some regions, increased price volatility and the expected increase in the frequency of adverse weather events that can reduce yields. However, if and how the frequency of adverse weather events will change over Europe, the most important wheat-growing area, has not yet been analysed. Here, we show that the accumulated probability of 11 adverse weather events with the potential to significantly reduce yield will increase markedly across all of Europe. We found that by the end of the century, the exposure of the key European wheat-growing areas, where most wheat production is currently concentrated, may increase more than twofold. However, if we consider the entire arable land area of Europe, a greater than threefold increase in risk was predicted. Therefore, shifting wheat production to new producing regions to reduce the risk might not be possible as the risk of adverse events beyond the key wheat-growing areas increases even more. Furthermore, we found a marked increase in wheat exposure to high temperatures, severe droughts and field inaccessibility compared with other types of adverse events. Our results also showed the limitations of some of the presently debated adaptation options and demonstrated the need for development of region-specific strategies. Other regions of the world could be affected by adverse weather events in the future in a way different from that considered here for Europe. This observation emphasizes the importance of conducting similar analyses for other major wheat regions.     

废弃钻井液不落地处理冬季低温生产保障方案设计

针对废弃钻井液不落地处理冬季施工过程中存在钻井液冻凝,设备停机后启动困难,压滤机液压系统油管线温度低、流动性差导致的控制动作缓慢或失灵,钻井液罐与地面冻结无法搬运,钻井设备卫生清洁困难等难题,从废弃钻井液处理方式、油田所在区域、钻井周期等实际情况出发,设计切实可行的冬防保温方案,确保冬季施工设备灵活好用、管线畅通、废弃钻井液无冻凝,保证废弃钻井液不落地处理有序进行。该方案在大庆油田、冀东油田等多口井应用,实践效果良好,解决了因废弃钻井液不落地处理冬季施工过程中钻井液冻凝、设备故障而造成的钻井延误问题。     

天津地铁车站地下连续墙冬期施工技术

天津地铁1号线下瓦房车站基坑工程中地下连续墙部分，由于工期的原因，安排在冬季施工。结合地下连续墙的施工特点和天津地区的实际情况，制定了冬期施工中各项质量控制措施，保证了地下连续墙冬期施工的顺利完成。     

大体积混凝土冬季施工的几点体会

结合某培训中心游泳池混凝土施工实例，介绍了大体积混凝土施工中通过控制配合比、浇筑方法和养护等一系列措施，有效地解决了大体积预拌混凝土冬季施工容易出现变形裂缝的质量通病。     

有关防冻泵送剂的若干思考

在寒冷地区，混凝土负温泵送施工技术是提高冬季施工效率的有效措施，但采用双掺防冻剂和泵送剂的方法不可取，科学合理的方法是采用防冻泵送剂。在目前尚无防冻泵送剂统一标准的情况下，参考JC475-92和JC473-92制定地方标准或企业标准是可行的。     

混凝土受冻机理及冬季施工控制

论述了温度对混凝土强度的影响机理，就北方地区进行混凝土冬季施工的配合比设计、各种工艺及养护措施进行了介绍，以确保冬季混凝土施工质量，取得较好的技术经济效果。     

冬季施工的经验和体会

分析了我国冬季施工在所难免的原因,就冬季施工的一些组织措施、技术措施、施工措施做了详细阐述,以保证工程项目的冬季施工质量,可供类似工程参考借鉴。     

浅谈夏热冬冷地区办公建筑节能环保的设计策略——以镇江市人防办地面指挥中心为例

建筑节能设计策略是当今建筑界的热门话题之一,与我们的生活状态息息相关.该文通过对工程实例(镇江市人防办地面指挥中心)的具体分析,探讨夏热冬冷地区办公建筑的节能设计策略,并提出了可以改进的建议.     

浅谈高寒地区冬季施工技术管理

结合工程实际，介绍了高寒地区冬季钢筋混凝土施工保温及防护措施，阐述了冬季施工的管理人员、机械设备以及技术的管理措施，以确保人、材料、设备、方法、环境五方面得到有效控制，保证工程质量。