Enhanced thermal stability of Bi2Te3-based alloys via interface engineering with atomic layer deposition

The ease of Te sublimation from Bi₂Te₃-based alloys significantly deteriorates thermoelectric and mechanical properties via the formation of voids. We propose a novel strategy based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) to improve the thermal stability of Bi₂Te₃-based alloys via the encapsulation of grains with a ZnO layer. Only a few cycles of ZnO ALD over the Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 powders resulted in significant suppression of the generation of pores in Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 extrudates and increased the density even after post-annealing at 500 °C. This is attributed to the suppression of Te sublimation from the extrudates. The ALD coating also enhanced grain refinement in Bi₂Te_2.7Se_0.3 extrudates. Consequently, their mechanical properties were significantly improved by the encapsulation approach. Furthermore, the ALD approach yields a substantial improvement in the figure-of-merit after the post-annealing. Therefore, we believe the proposed approach using ALD will be useful for enhancing the mechanical properties of Bi₂Te₃-based alloys without sacrificing thermoelectric performance.     

Evaluation of Serum Volume Losses During Long-Term Storage

Aliquots of serum collected in a large case-control study of cervical cancer were stored at −70°C for up to 4 years during implementation of the study. When 500 μL serum aliquots were thawed in preparation for carotenoid and vitamin A assays, volumes were noticeably variable and fell below 500 μL in the majority of the samples. We were concerned about evaporation/sublimation during storage of the samples because loss of water would concentrate the analytes of interest. We evaluated the use of density and sodium ion concentration measurements to confirm its occurrence. We found that serum density was an unreliable indicator of extent of volume loss since the anticipated increases in density due to evaporation were of the same magnitude as inter-individual variation in serum density. In contrast, Na⁺ concentration is tightly regulated and would rise if water had been lost from the samples. In a representative sample of serum aliquots from the case-control study, 24 of 25 vials contained less than 500 μL of serum. The mean sodium ion concentration (138.1 ± 3.6 mmol/L) was within the normal range for human serum of 136–145 mmol/L, and no correlation was observed between serum volume and Na⁺ concentration. These results strongly suggest that the observed low volumes were not due to evaporative losses. Instead, the variably low volumes of serum aliquots were probably due to pipetting errors in the initial aliquotting resulting from the use of air-displacement pipettes.     

滚动轮胎表面对流换热的萘升华模拟研究

根据热质比拟的基本原理 ,采用萘升华技术 ,在风洞中利用直线运动的旋转圆盘模拟研究了滚动轮胎表面的对流换热系数。当风速为 14m·s- 1 时 ,轮胎表面对流换热系数与汽车行驶速度呈线性关系 ,随着汽车行驶速度的增大 ,轮胎表面对流换热系数也增大 ,其经验式为h =5 2 99+1 2 43 8v。     

Heterogeneous nucleation of organic vapours on a cold substrate

The heterogeneous phase transition of the organic vapours, cyclohexane and p-xylene, on a cold substrate was observed by cooling the substrate at a slow rate under reduced pressure conditions. Either organic vapour at a vapour pressure lower than 130 Pa formed directly solid crystals but p-xylene vapour at a higher vapour pressure formed liquid condensates with subsequent formation of solid crystals. The dependence of the critical supersaturation ratios on the critical temperatures and the physical properties of the organic vapours has been clarified by the equation derived on the basis of classical nucleation theory.     

3,3'''',4,4''''-二苯醚四甲酸二酐的提纯研究

对采用丙酸或丁酸水溶液作溶剂处理粗3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四甲酸二酐(简称ODPA),生成3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四甲酸(简称ODTA),然后脱水成酐和在不同有机溶剂中利用活性炭脱色,以及升华后再进行重结晶等三种方法进行对比,考查了这三种方法提纯3,3',4,4'-二苯醚四甲酸二酐(简称ODPA)的效果.着重介绍了ODPA在较高真空下进行升华,然后升华产物与过量的乙酸酐混合回流1h以上,冷却、静置结晶、分离、干燥后得到高纯度的ODPA.该方法得到的最终产品为白色粉末晶体,纯度≥99.0%,熔点227～230℃.     

均苯四酸二酐凝华结晶精制的最佳条件研究

研究了均苯四酸二酐（简称均酐或PMDA）凝华结晶精制的最佳条件,并以均酐在定温下的平衡蒸汽压为基础,推导出凝华结晶条件数学关系式．该式把氧化反应的空速,气相组成及捕集温度等工艺参数与捕集率关联起来,并制作出捕集温度对均酐凝华结晶效率和均酐纯度关系曲线图．同时讨论了拉乌尔数学关系式在处理本体系的适应范围．指出在低捕集率情况下,引入修正项后的拉乌尔数学关系式才能与实验值吻合．     

Surface Energy and Surface Stability of Ag Nanocrystals at Elevated Temperatures and Their Dominance in Sublimation‐Induced Shape Evolution

The surface energy and surface stability of Ag nanocrystals (NCs) are under debate because the measurable values of the surface energy are very inconsistent, and the indices of the observed thermally stable surfaces are apparently in conflict. To clarify this issue, a transmission electron microscope is used to investigate these problems in situ with elaborately designed carbon‐shell‐capsulated Ag NCs. It is demonstrated that the {111} surfaces are still thermally stable at elevated temperatures, and the victory of the formation of {110} surfaces over {111} surfaces on the Ag NCs during sublimation is due to the special crystal geometry. It is found that the Ag NCs behave as quasiliquids during sublimation, and the cubic NCs represent a featured shape evolution, which is codetermined by both the wetting equilibrium at the Ag–C interface and the relaxation of the system surface energy. Small Ag NCs (≈10 nm) no longer maintain the wetting equilibrium observed in larger Ag NCs, and the crystal orientations of ultrafine Ag NCs (≈6 nm) can rotate to achieve further shape relaxation. Using sublimation kinetics, the mean surface energy of Ag NCs at 1073 K is calculated to be 1.1–1.3 J m^?2.     

反应过程中升华型催化剂的物性变化(Ⅲ)Zn(Ac)_2 的程序升温脱附测定

用程序升温脱附法测定了乙炔在衰化程度不同的醋酸锌催化剂上的脱附峰面积。发现乙炔在纯载体活性炭上的脱附峰面积为零,证明所得峰面积表征了乙炔在醋酸锌上的化学吸附量。衰化程度不同的催化剂上乙炔的程序升温脱附峰面积与其残留量呈线性关系,证明该催化剂失活的主要原因是活性组分醋酸锌的升华流失造成的。     

采用分散染料混合物解决涤纶热定型色变弊病

采用升华牢度均为3.0级的分散黄E-RG-2染料混合物、分散红M-3B染料混合物和分散蓝2BLN染料作为三原色,对中浅色涤纶面料染色,在受热定型时解决了因各染料成分升华不一致而导致严重色光变化的问题,提高了成品率。该三原色进一步拼混还可获得一种分散灰SE-M染料混合物,同样也具有升华牢度的平衡性和受热定型时色光的稳定性。     

Freeze‐drying concentration of Rangpur lime juice

The use of freeze‐drying for concentrating lime Rangpur juice was investigated. This procedure allowed obtaining concentrated Rangpur lime juices between 23 and 51.3 °Brix, without affecting their organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. The efficiency of the procedure was inversely related to the film thickness of the matrix to be lyophilised. The sublimation speed per unit area diminished with the reduction in the residual moisture content of the juice. The mathematical model that fitted to the concentration procedure allowed to predict the time required for concentrating Rangpur lime by freeze‐drying starting from samples of different thickness. When compared with other citric juices evaluated, the Rangpur lime juice was the most suitable for freeze‐drying concentration. The results could be used to devise optimal industrial freeze‐drying cycles for processing Rangpur lime juices at different concentrations.