Effect of annealing on the structural and optical properties of laser ablated nanostructured barium tungstate thin films

High quality BaWO₄ thin films are successfully deposited on quartz substrate for a duration of 30 min using pulsed laser ablation technique and using a laser radiation of wavelength 355 nm and the effect of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties is studied by using techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, micro-Raman, FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopy. All the films show monoclinic crystalline structure with (2 0 2) plane as the preferred orientation of crystal growth. From the XRD analysis it is found that the optimum annealing temperature for better crystallization of the BaWO₄ film is 700 °C and there is no phase change observed with annealing temperature. The presence of the characteristic bands for the BaWO₄ in the Raman spectra of the films suggests the formation of BaWO₄ crystalline phase in all the films. SEM and AFM analyses show that as the annealing temperature increases the connectivity between individual grains increases and shows an ordered packing. The geometrical optimization and energy calculation of the title compound were done using the Gaussian 09 software package and the calculations were carried out using the CAM-B3LYP functional combined with standard Lanl2Dz basis set. The thickness of the films was calculated using lateral SEM images and also from optical transmission spectral data using PUMA software.     

水热法制备钨酸铋及其光催化和电催化性能的研究

以H2WO4、NaOH和Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,通过调节不同pH值和添加表面活性剂CTAB,采用水热法制备出不同形貌的钨酸铋粉体。利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis对Bi2WO6粉体进行表征。结果表明:pH值对钨酸铋的物相、形貌和光催化和电催化性能均有较大影响;当pH=9.5得到的Bi2WO6粉体结晶度高,禁带宽度为2.61 eV,电催化的可逆性较好,氧化还原电位差仅为0.109 V,光催化活性较高;400 W金卤灯40 min照射下,罗丹明B的降解率达到93.96%。     

Asymmetric supported dense lanthanum tungstate membranes

In this work, a colloidal processing route for dense asymmetric La_28−xW_4+xO_54+3x/2 membranes for hydrogen gas separation applications was established. Dip coating process conditions were optimized to obtain ≈20 μm thick dense layer supported on a porous substrate of the same composition. Surfactants based on electrosteric stabilization were evaluated to obtain stable suspensions in ethanol. The effect of the quantity and type (rice starch and carbon black) of sacrificial pore formers was evaluated for the porous substrates. Based on our results, samples made with 35–45 vol.% carbon black are the best choice to obtain highly porous supports with the optimum characteristics for the fabrication of asymmetric membranes.     

Synthesis of parallel squared nanosheet-assembled Bi2WO6 microstructures under alkalescent hydrothermal treatment

The hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ microstructures, which were two-dimensionally assembled by parallel squared nanosheets, were synthesized under alkalescent hydrothermal treatment. The crystalline phase, morphology, size, lattice plane and crystalline structure of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The formation of parallel squared nanosheet-assembled hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ microstructures was elucidated by the oriented attachment growth mechanism based on our experimental results. The aqueous ammonia, which was employed as the alkalescent environment, had a critical effect on the formation of such hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ microstructures with a large proportion of {001} facets. The parallel squared nanosheet-assembled hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ microstructures obtained at the hydrothermal temperature of 120 °C showed high photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation.     

In_2W_3O_(12)陶瓷的相变特性及其负热膨胀性能(英文)

以分析纯In2O3和WO3为原料,采用固相反应法制备In2W3O12陶瓷。利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、热重分析仪、差示扫描量热仪和热机械分析仪对样品的物相组成、微观结构、相变和热膨胀特性进行了表征。结果表明:在900℃烧结6h可制备出纯的单斜相In2W3O12陶瓷,In2W3O12陶瓷断面晶粒均匀,平均尺寸为4～6μm。In2W3O12陶瓷在253.34℃发生单斜相到斜方相的相转变,单斜相的In2W3O12陶瓷显示正热膨胀,在27～249℃,其平均热膨胀系数为16.51×10-6℃-1,斜方相的In2W3O12陶瓷显示负热膨胀,在273～700℃,其平均热膨胀系数为-3.00×10-6℃-1。     

The effect of different post-electroplating surface modification treatments on tin whisker growth

There are very few studies that have investigated directly the effect of an oxide film on tin whisker growth, since the ‘cracked oxide theory’ was proposed by Tu in 1994. The current study has investigated the effect of both a molybdate conversion coating and a tungstate conversion coating on tin whisker growth from Sn–Cu electrodeposits on Cu, and compared it with that from an electrochemically formed oxide produced from a potassium bicarbonate-potassium carbonate electrolyte. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the effect of both immersion time and applied potential on the thickness and composition of the oxide film. The XPS studies show that the oxide film formed using either of the conversion coating baths is significantly thicker than that produced from the potassium bicarbonate-potassium carbonate bath. Initial observations suggest that both the tungstate-based conversion coatings and the molybdate-based conversion coatings significantly reduce whisker growth by over 80% for all conversion coating systems compared with a native air-formed oxide and provide improved mitigation compared with the electrochemically formed oxides previously investigated.     

钨酸锰催化氧化脱除模拟油硫化物

通过直接沉淀法制备钨酸锰,采用高温煅烧和双氧水活化的钨酸锰为催化剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,咪唑氟硼酸盐离子液体为萃取剂,氧化脱除模拟油中的二苯并噻吩(DBT)。研究了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂的加入量、氧化剂用量、萃取剂类型、硫化物类型等因素对催化氧化脱硫的影响,同时考察催化剂/萃取剂脱硫体系循环使用性能。结果表明,最优工艺条件为:反应温度为50℃,H2O2加入量为0.3 m L,催化剂为0.03 g,以咪唑氟硼酸盐为萃取剂,反应时间为60 min时,二苯并噻吩的脱除率可达90%。催化剂/离子液体回收重复使用5次,催化活性无明显下降。     

Effects of different electrolytes containing Na2WO4 on the electrochemical performance of nickel hydroxide electrodes for nickel–metal hydride batteries

To improve the high-temperature performance of the nickel hydroxide electrodes in nickel–metal hydride batteries, sodium tungstate (Na₂WO₄) used as an electrolyte additive has been added into two types of binary electrolytes (KOH–LiOH and NaOH–LiOH) in this study. The effects of electrolyte composition on the electrochemical performance of nickel electrodes have been systematically investigated via a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and charge/discharge tests. It is found that by adding (1.0 wt.%) Na₂WO₄, the performance of nickel electrodes is significantly improved in both NaOH and KOH electrolytes at 70 °C. The improved performance can be attributed to the deposition of WO₃·2H₂O solid film on the surface of nickel electrode, which is beneficial to the increase in oxygen evolution overpotential, the slow-down of oxygen evolution rate and the decrease in charge-transfer resistance.     

Free carrier absorption in self-activated PbWO4 and Ce-doped Y3(Al0.25Ga0.75)3O12 and Gd3Al2Ga3O12 garnet scintillators

Nonequilibrium carrier dynamics in the scintillators prospective for fast timing in high energy physics and medical imaging applications was studied. The time-resolved free carrier absorption investigation was carried out to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium carriers in wide-band-gap scintillation materials: self-activated led tungstate (PbWO₄, PWO) ant two garnet crystals, GAGG:Ce and YAGG:Ce. It was shown that free electrons appear in the conduction band of PWO and YAGG:Ce crystals within a sub-picosecond time scale, while the free holes in GAGG:Ce appear due to delocalization from Gd³⁺ ground states to the valence band within a few picoseconds after short-pulse excitation. The influence of Gd ions on the nonequilibrium carrier dynamics is discussed on the base of comparison the results of the free carrier absorption in GAGG:Ce containing gadolinium and in YAGG without Gd in the host lattice.     

One-step preparation and characterization of zinc tungstate–carbon nanoparticles with application to lithium-ion batteries

Zinc tungstate–carbon nanoparticles were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal process followed by heat treatment. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the addition of glucose prevented grain growth of zinc tungstate during the hydrothermal process and subsequent heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the zinc tungstate nanoparticles were coated by carbon with a thickness of 1 nm following heat treatment at 550°C and a diameter of 10 nm with a homogeneous morphology. Electrochemical measurements showed that the zinc tungstate–carbon nanoparticles reached an initial discharge capacity of 990 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 50 mA. g^?1. The specific capacity of the zinc tungstate-carbon nanoparticles was maintained at approximately 400 mAh g^?1 after 50 cycles, exhibiting better stability than pure zinc tungstate due to the carbon coating providing high conductivity with the zinc tungstate nanoparticle.