退火温度对新型锆合金薄板带材析出相和织构的影响

采用扫描电镜和超高分辨透射电镜,对具有良好冲制性能的新型锆合金薄板成品带材进行含晶粒、第二相粒子等在内的显微组织研究,并探索真空退火处理条件下温度对带材显微组织的影响。结果显示:新型锆合金薄板成品带材晶粒平均尺寸2.17 μm,存在{0001}<1010>和{0001}<1120>两种织构,大部分晶粒<1120>平行带材RD方向,较少晶粒<1010>平行带材RD方向;第二相粒子分布在晶粒内部及晶界,平均尺寸114 nm,尺寸较大的为不规则椭圆形的Zr-Nb-Fe相,尺寸较小的为圆形的β-Nb相;热处理退火温度降低,带材晶粒尺寸减小,第二相粒子细小弥散分布;新型锆合金薄板成品带材良好冲制性能主要源于轧制积累应变诱发再结晶过程进行充分,导致晶粒细小及孪晶发生破碎;相对轧制变形,退火对带材冲制性能影响不显著。     

再加工工艺对N18锆合金板残余应力的影响

采用“热轧+冷轧+退火”工艺对N18锆合金板进行再加工,通过X射线法分析板的表面残余应力,采用EBSD技术分析晶界取向差角分布和大小角度晶界。结果表明,热轧后N18锆合金板的表面残余应力呈现无规律分布状态;冷轧后板的表面残余应力均为压应力,其大小随着冷轧变形量的增加而增加;退火后板的表面残余应力值处于较低水平,当退火制度为500 ℃×2 h时,残余应力处于最低水平;退火后,板的微观结构以小角度晶界为主,且随着退火温度的升高,小角度晶界的密度先增加后趋于稳定。     

Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Group 3 and 4 Metals

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on group 3 and 4 metals are considered as the most promising MOFs for varying practical applications including water adsorption, carbon conversion, and biomedical applications. The relatively strong coordination bonds and versatile coordination modes within these MOFs endow the framework with high chemical stability, diverse structures and topologies, and interesting properties and functions. Herein, the significant progress made on this series of MOFs since 2018 is summarized and an update on the current status and future trends on the structural design of robust MOFs with high connectivity is provided. Cluster chemistry involving Y, lanthanides (Ln, from La to Lu), actinides (An, from Ac to Lr), Ti, and Zr is initially introduced. This is followed by a review of recently developed MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals with their structures discussed based on the types of inorganic or organic building blocks. The novel properties and arising applications of these MOFs in catalysis, adsorption and separation, delivery, and sensing are highlighted. Overall, this review is expected to provide a timely summary on MOFs based on group 3 and 4 metals, which shall guide the future discovery and development of stable and functional MOFs for practical applications.     

Phase evolution and microstructure of new Sr0.5Zr2(PO4)3-NdPO4 composite ceramics prepared by one-step microwave sintering

Sodium Zirconium Phosphate (NaZr₂(PO₄)₃, hereinafter NZP) and monazite are both potential materials for immobilization of nuclear waste. In this work, novel (1-x)Sr_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃-xNdPO₄ composite ceramics (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) for simultaneously immobilizing the simulated fission product (FP) Sr and trivalent minor actinide (MA) Nd were prepared by one-step microwave sintering technique, in which Sr and Nd were immobilized into NZP and monazite type structures, respectively. The phase evolution and microstructure of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and backscattering scanning electron microscopy (BSE). The results showed that the expected composite ceramics were successfully obtained by one-step microwave sintering at 1050 °C for 2 h. The as-prepared samples consisted of Sr_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃ and NdPO₄ phases, and the content of the two phases varied regularly as x changed, generally conforming to the designed nominal chemical composition. Importantly, the composite ceramics presented the homogenous and dense microstructure. The relative density of the composite ceramics was more than 95%, meanwhile, the Vickers-hardness of the samples was higher than 600 MPa. It was indicated that NZP-monazite type composite ceramics could be a potential matrix for the simultaneous immobilization of actinide and fission product.     

2A12铝合金在两种体系中微弧氧化膜层的磨损性能研究

目的比较两种不同溶液体系中铝合金微弧氧化膜层的摩擦磨损性能。方法以2A12铝合金为研究对象,通过微弧氧化技术,制备了在两种体系中的微弧氧化膜层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损机,研究了两种不同溶液体系中的微弧氧化膜层的形貌、厚度、硬度和磨损性能的差异。结果锆盐体系中膜层的生长速率较磷酸盐中的更大。锆盐和磷酸盐体系中膜层的硬度分别为1050HV和1250HV。锆盐体系的膜层主要由α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3、c-ZrO_2和少量的t-ZrO_2组成,磷酸盐体系膜层的主要成分是α-Al_2O_3和γ-Al_2O_3。锆盐体系中,450 V电压下膜层的摩擦系数为0.425,500 V电压下膜层的摩擦系数为0.375;磷酸盐体系中,450 V电压下膜层的摩擦系数为0.328,500 V电压下膜层的摩擦系数为0.325。结论锆盐膜层的摩擦系数总体大于磷酸盐膜层。在磨损过程中,被磨掉的GCr15材料填充到膜层的凹坑中。两种溶液体系下,膜层在高电压下表现出更小的摩擦系数。磨损起始阶段为磨粒磨损,稳定阶段为粘着磨损。     

Diffuse reflectance behavior of the printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics treated with zirconium and cerium dioxide and citric acid in near- and short-wave IR radiation spectral ranges

Near- and short-wave IR emission spectra of printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics coated with inorganic compounds in order to tune their diffuse reflectance behavior to the ones with woodland and desert backgrounds are investigated. In this regard, cotton/nylon blend fabrics printed with a four-color digital pattern were used as the substrate, and different concentrations of zirconium and cerium dioxide (ZrO₂ and CeO₂) with and without citric acid as a cross-linker were loaded on these fabrics using the pad-dry-cure method. The diffuse reflectance of the coated fabrics with various concentrations of nanoparticles and a cross-linker was first measured by near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Then, fabrics with an optimum concentration of nanoparticles and appropriate reflectivity profiles similar to woodland and desert were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), washing, and rubbing fastness properties. In general, NIR and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance of fabrics coated with ZrO₂ and CeO₂ nanoparticles in range of 1% to 1.5% (w/v [%]) was suitable for matching with different environments. According to the findings obtained from the durability test, it was concluded that the washing fastness of the treated fabrics with CeO₂ nanoparticles was excellent in both environments. FE-SEM images of the treated fabrics containing ZrO₂ and CeO₂ indicated that the presence of nanoparticles on the surface of fabrics in woodland patterns was greater than the desert ones. However, the coated fabrics with CeO₂ and citric acid in the woodland pattern have shown better dispersion with a mean particle size of 30 to 60 nm.     

Na2EDTA返滴定法测定铜冶炼烟尘中镉

铜冶炼烟尘中含有较高含量的铅、铜、砷、铝、铁、锑、铋等元素,对滴定法测镉产生干扰。采用氟化铵-盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸分解试样,用氢溴酸除去砷、锑、锡等干扰元素。硫酸铅沉淀分离铅,氨水沉淀分离铁、铋、部分铝等共存元素,在稀硫酸介质中加入硫代硫酸钠使铜离子以硫化亚铜状态从溶液中分离,滤液中加入过量的Na₂EDTA标准滴定溶液,加入氟化钾掩蔽剩余铝,在pH 5.5~5.6的盐酸-六次甲基四胺缓冲溶液中,以二甲酚橙为指示剂,用锌标准滴定溶液返滴定。测得结果为锌、镉合量,扣除锌量,即为镉量。优化了氨水用量、氟化钾用量等实验条件,建立了Na₂EDTA返滴定法测定铜冶炼烟尘中镉含量的方法。方法用于测定铜冶炼烟尘中镉,结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)一致,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.56%~0.92%。按照实验方法对铜冶炼烟尘样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为99.6%～100.2%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定核级海绵锆中痕量硼

硼的存在会严重影响核级海绵锆的中子平衡和反应堆的正常运转,因此,需要准确测定核级海绵锆中痕量硼。在采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定核级海绵锆中痕量硼时,锆基体干扰比较严重,必须对其进行校正或消除。实验用硝酸和氢氟酸溶解样品,以¹¹B为测定同位素,采用标准加入法克服基体干扰,建立了ICP-MS测定核级海绵锆中痕量硼的方法。结果表明,在优化的实验条件下,硼质量浓度在0.50~10.00 μg/L范围内与其对应的信号强度呈线性关系,相关系数为0.999 5,方法检出限为0.038 μg/g,定量限为0.125 μg/g。按照实验方法测定6个核级海绵锆样品中硼,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.3%,加标回收率为102%;采用分光光度法进行方法对照试验,两种方法测定结果基本一致。     

压水堆燃料包壳锆合金中第二相腐蚀行为研究进展

锆合金是目前唯一大规模商用的压水堆燃料包壳材料,其耐水侧腐蚀性能是影响核反应堆安全性与经济性的重要因素。微量合金元素(Fe、Nb等)主要以第二相的形式弥散分布在锆合金基体中,但可对锆合金的腐蚀行为产生显著影响。本文比较了不同锆合金中第二相的差异,综述了锆合金中典型第二相的腐蚀行为及其影响因素。分别比较了二元及三元第二相中主要合金元素Fe和Nb的腐蚀过程,总结了不同水化学条件下第二相腐蚀产物的差异及其对锆合金基体腐蚀行为的影响,并指出当前针对第二相腐蚀行为研究中存在的不足。最后,对锆合金第二相腐蚀行为研究趋势进行了展望,先进微观表征手段可进一步完善含Fe、Nb元素第二相的腐蚀机理研究,将为提高我国新型锆合金包壳材料的耐腐蚀性能提供理论参考。