Improving the prediction of petroleum reservoir characterization with a stacked generalization ensemble model of support vector machines

The ensemble learning paradigm has proved to be relevant to solving most challenging industrial problems. Despite its successful application especially in the Bioinformatics, the petroleum industry has not benefited enough from the promises of this machine learning technology. The petroleum industry, with its persistent quest for high-performance predictive models, is in great need of this new learning methodology. A marginal improvement in the prediction indices of petroleum reservoir properties could have huge positive impact on the success of exploration, drilling and the overall reservoir management portfolio. Support vector machines (SVM) is one of the promising machine learning tools that have performed excellently well in most prediction problems. However, its performance is a function of the prudent choice of its tuning parameters most especially the regularization parameter, C. Reports have shown that this parameter has significant impact on the performance of SVM. Understandably, no specific value has been recommended for it. This paper proposes a stacked generalization ensemble model of SVM that incorporates different expert opinions on the optimal values of this parameter in the prediction of porosity and permeability of petroleum reservoirs using datasets from diverse geological formations. The performance of the proposed SVM ensemble was compared to that of conventional SVM technique, another SVM implemented with the bagging method, and Random Forest technique. The results showed that the proposed ensemble model, in most cases, outperformed the others with the highest correlation coefficient, and the lowest mean and absolute errors. The study indicated that there is a great potential for ensemble learning in petroleum reservoir characterization to improve the accuracy of reservoir properties predictions for more successful explorations and increased production of petroleum resources. The results also confirmed that ensemble models perform better than the conventional SVM implementation.     

Multiple Empirical Kernel Learning with Majority Projection for imbalanced problems

Traditional Multiple Empirical Kernel Learning (MEKL) expands the expressions of the sample and brings better classification ability by using different empirical kernels to map the original data space into multiple kernel spaces. To make MEKL suit for the imbalanced problems, this paper introduces a weight matrix and a regularization term into MEKL. The weight matrix assigns high misclassification cost to the minority samples to balanced misclassification cost between minority and majority class. The regularization term named Majority Projection (MP) is used to make the classification hyperplane fit the distribution shape of majority samples and enlarge the between-class distance of minority and majority class. The contributions of this work are: (i) assigning high cost to minority samples to deal with imbalanced problems, (ii) introducing a new regularization term to concern the property of data distribution, (iii) and modifying the original PAC-Bayes bound to test the error upper bound of MEKL-MP. Through analyzing the experimental results, the proposed MEKL-MP is well suited to the imbalanced problems and has lower generalization risk in accordance with the value of PAC-Bayes bound.     

带限信号高频重建的一种新的正则外推算法

本文提出生种新的带限信号的外推方法，该方法能够很好地抑制噪声干扰，且计算复杂性较低，本文给出算法，证明了收敛性，最后给出了误差计算机实验结果。     

Hyperparameter estimation for satellite image restoration using a MCMC maximum-likelihood method

The satellite image deconvolution problem is ill-posed and must be regularized. Herein, we use an edge-preserving regularization model using a ? function, involving two hyperparameters. Our goal is to estimate the optimal parameters in order to automatically reconstruct images. We propose to use the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE), applied to the observed image. We need sampling from prior and posterior distributions. Since the convolution prevents use of standard samplers, we have developed a modified Geman-Yang algorithm, using an auxiliary variable and a cosine transform. We present a Markov chain Monte Carlo maximum-likelihood (MCMCML) technique which is able to simultaneously achieve the estimation and the reconstruction.     

Aeromagnetic compensation using neural networks

Airborne magnetic surveys in geophysical exploration can be subject to interference effects from the aircraft. Principal sources are the permanent magnetism of various parts of the aircraft, induction effects created by the earth's magnetic field and eddy-current fields produced by the aircraft's manoeuvres. Neural networks can model these effects as functions of roll, pitch, heading and their time derivatives, together with vertical acceleration, charging currents to the generator, etc., without assuming an explicit physical model. Separation of interference effects from background regional and diurnal fields can also be achieved in a satisfactory way.     

不适定热传导反问题的两种求解方法及其比较

本文以不适定热传导反问题为对象，采用两种方法进行了求解。一种方法基于对具有测量误差的边界条件进行适当的微扰，使之化为适定问题；另一种方法基于Ｔｉｋｈｏｎｏｖ的正则平滑思想，对反问题中的输入数据进行平滑处理，以便使函数及其一阶导数均实现一致逼近。通过计算与求解表明，两种方法均能得到具有一定精度与稳定性的结果，其中以正则化法更为理想     

Simultaneous estimation and factor selection in quantile regression via adaptive sup-norm regularization

Some regularization methods, including the group lasso and the adaptive group lasso, have been developed for the automatic selection of grouped variables (factors) in conditional mean regression. In many practical situations, such a problem arises naturally when a set of dummy variables is used to represent a categorical factor and/or when a set of basis functions of a continuous variable is included in the predictor set. Complementary to these earlier works, the simultaneous and automatic factor selection is examined in quantile regression. To incorporate the factor information into regularized model fitting, the adaptive sup-norm regularized quantile regression is proposed, which penalizes the empirical check loss function by the sum of factor-wise adaptive sup-norm penalties. It is shown that the proposed method possesses the oracle property. A simulation study demonstrates that the proposed method is a more appropriate tool for factor selection than the adaptive lasso regularized quantile regression.     

SVRRPMCC:一种支持向量回归机的正则化路径近似算法

正则化路径算法是数值求解支持向量回归机(Support Vector Regression,SVR)的有效方法。根据SVR正则化路径的分段线性性质,该类算法可在相当于一次SVR求解的时间复杂度内求得正则化参数的所有可能取值及对应SVR的解。由于在解路径建立过程中需要求解线性方程组,已有的精确计算方法难以处理大规模的样本数据,因此研究了正则化路径近似算法,并提出了SVR正则化路径近似算法SVRRPMCC。首先,应用Monte Carlo方法实现线性方程组系数矩阵的随机采样,求得近似系数矩阵; 然后,应用Cholesky分解方法实现快速求解系数逆矩阵;进一步,分析了SVRRPMCC算法的近似误差和计算复杂性;最后,在标准数据集上的实验验证了SVRRPMCC算法的合理性和较高的计算效率。     

基于非负邻域嵌入和非局部正则化的单帧图像超分辨率重建算法

单帧图像超分辨率重建是指利用一幅低分辨率图像,通过相应的算法来获取一幅高分辨率图像的技术。提出了一种基于 非负邻域嵌入和 非局部正则化 的单帧图像超分辨率重建算法,以弥补传统邻域嵌入算法的不足。在训练阶段,首先对低分辨率图像预放大2倍,以保证在放大倍数较大时,高、低分辨率图像块之间的邻域关系也能得到较好的保持;在重建阶段,使用非负邻域嵌入来有效地解决近邻数的选取问题;最后利用图像块的非局部相似性构造非局部正则项对重建结果进行修正。实验结果表明,相对于传统算法,本方法的重建结果纹理丰富、边缘清晰。