盐渍土环境下混凝土中SO4^2-扩散性试验研究

为了研究西部盐渍土环境下混凝土中SO4^2-的扩散性,测试了在不同溶液、不同干湿循环龄期下,混凝土中不同深度的SO42-含量。采用Fick第二定律为基本模型,考虑SO42-与混凝土结合能力以及混凝土为非均匀介质的特性,对SO42-扩散系数进行了分析讨论。此外,基于XRD结果,分析了侵蚀过程中钙矾石的生长情况以解释说明钙矾石的生成对SO4^2-扩散性的影响。结果表明,Cl-可促进侵蚀前期SO4^2-的侵蚀速度;西部盐渍土环境下混凝土中SO4^2-的扩散系数与结合能力呈负相关关系,与侵蚀深度呈正相关关系;SO4^2-浓度越高,钙矾石生长越快,钙矾石膨胀作用会填充混凝土的既有裂缝,从而抑制SO42-扩散。     

Coupled effects of saline solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures

Based on the results of one-dimensional free swelling tests, the coupled effects of NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions and temperature on the swelling deformation property of compacted GMZ bentonite-sand mixtures were analyzed. The concentrations of the NaCl-Na₂SO₄ solutions were 0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 mol/L, the temperatures were 20 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C and the sand contents were 0, 30 and 50%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were also performed to find the influences of the temperature, solution concentration and sand content on the mineral composition and microstructure. The results showed that the maximum swelling strain of the specimens increased with an elevated temperature, while it decreased with increases in the solution concentration and sand content. The swelling process was accelerated by the rising temperature. The XRD tests indicated that the combined effect of a high temperature and a high solution concentration may have caused more Na⁺ from the saline solutions to enter the interlayer, partly displacing the divalent cations. The MIP tests demonstrated that adding sand to the bentonite could reduce the amount of inter-granular pores and increase the intra-aggregate pores. These findings are advantageous to the transfer of heat and pour fluid in the specimens; and thus, the swelling deformation capacity of the bentonite-sand mixtures was higher than that of pure bentonite under the same conditions.     

Interface transmissivity of conventional and multicomponent GCLs for three permeants

A laboratory investigation of the interface transmissivity is reported for five different geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) and a range of different geomembranes (GMBs) for a range of stresses from 10 to 150?kPa. The GCLs were prehydrated under normal stress before permeation. The GCLs examined comprised three multicomponent (a smooth coated, a smooth laminated, and textured coated) and two conventional (one with granular and one with powdered sodium bentonite) GCLs. The effect of a 4?mm circular defect in the coating of a multicomponent GCL directly below the 10?mm diameter hole in the GMB is investigated. The effect of GMB stiffness and texture is examined. Additionally, the effect of hydration and permeation of smooth coated GCL with highly saline solution and synthetic landfill leachate (SL3) is presented. It is shown that the 2-week interface transmissivity (θ_2-week) can be one to two orders of magnitude higher than steady-state interface transmissivity (θ _steady-state) at low stresses (10?kPa–50?kPa), whereas at high stresses (150?kPa) the variation is substantially less. For a smooth coated GCL hydrated and permeated with reverse osmosis (RO) water, GMB stiffness and texture has a limited effect on interface transmissivity when the coating is placed in contact with GMB at normal stresses of 10?kPa–150?kPa, whereas coating indentations result in much high interface transmissivity when placed in contact with GMB. GCL prehydration and permeation with highly saline solutions leads to higher interface transmissivity compared to RO water. With a 4.0?mm defect in the coating, the interface transmissivity between the coating and woven geotextile is higher than that between the coating and GMB for the stress levels and GCL examined.     

Ti6Al4V 合金在Saline溶液中的扭动微动磨损

在球/面接触中存在四种微动模式,即切向、径向、转动和扭动微动,在生理介质中扭动微动是人工关节失效的主要原因之一。本文成功建立了一种可在恒温液体介质中实现球/面接触扭动微动的新的试验系统。利用该系统,在37℃的Saline溶液中进行了钛合金/二氧化锆陶瓷球的扭动微动试验,详细讨论了扭动微动的运行行为和损伤机理。结果表明,扭动微动动力学行为在很大程度上取决于扭动角位移振幅和周期数。研究建立了扭动微动运行工况图（RCFM）,包括3个区域,即：部分滑移区（PSR）,混合区（MFR）和完全滑移区（SR）。在部分滑移区,接触中心没有发现任何损伤,接触边缘上只观察到轻微的擦伤和磨损。在混合区,损坏区域从接触边缘向中心扩展,接触中心无损伤,接触边缘区域出现氧化磨损和损伤。在滑移区,整个接触区域均发生损伤,损伤机理主要是磨蚀磨损、氧化磨损、和粘着磨损。     

A review of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks: basic geochemistry and oil–gas generation

Carbonates have been known to act as hydrocarbon source rocks, but their basic geochemical and associated hydrocarbon generation characteristics remain not well understood as they occur with argillaceous source rocks in most cases, and the hydrocarbon generation from each rock type is di cult to distinguish, forming one of puzzling issues within the field of petroleum geology and geochemistry. To improve the understanding of this critical issue, this paper reviews recent advances in this field and provides a summary of key areas that can be studied in future. Results show that carbonate source rocks are generally associated with high-salinity environments with low amounts of terrestrial inputs and low dissolved oxygen contents. Petrographically, these source rocks are dark gray or black, fine-grained, stratified, and contain bacterial and algal bioprecursors along with some other impurities. They generally have low organic matter contents, although these can vary significantly in di erent cases(e.g., the total organic carbon contents of marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks in China are generally 0.1%–1.0% and 0.4%–4.0%, respectively). These rocks contain type I and type II kerogen, meaning there is a lack of vitrinites. This means that assessment of the maturity of the organic matter in these sediments needs to use non-traditional techniques rather than vitrinite reflectance. In terms of molecular geochemistry, carbonate source rocks have typical characteristics indicative of generally reducing and saline environments and lower organism-dominated bioprecursors of organic matter, e.g., high contents of sulfur compounds, low Pr/Ph ratios, and dominance of n-alkanes. Most of the carbonate source rocks are typically dominated by D-type organic facies in an oxidized shallow water mass, although high-quality source rocks generally contain A-and B-type organic facies in saline lacustrine and marine-reducing environments, respectively. The hydrocarbon generation model for the carbonate source rocks can involve early, middle, and late stages, with a diversity of hydrocarbons within these rocks, which can be aggregated, adsorbed, enclosed within minerals, or present as inclusions. This in turn implies that the large-scale hydrocarbon expulsion from these rocks is reliant on brittle deformation caused by external forces. Finally, a number of aspects of these source rocks remain unclear and need further study, including the e ectiveness of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks, bioprecursors, and hydrocarbon generation models of carbonate source rock, and the di erences between marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks.     

Effect of saline water on the flotation of fine and coarse coal particles in the presence of clay minerals

This research addresses two important issues confronting coal flotation plants in Australia, the use of saline water and the processing of clayey coal. Two coal samples obtained from BHP Billiton Mitsubishi Alliance (BMA) and Xstrata were tested to represent coarse coal flotation and fine coal flotation, respectively. Saline water with low, medium and high ionic strengths and individual electrolytes encountered in the flotation plants were used. It was found that saline water had a more pronounced effect on fine coal flotation than coarse coal flotation despite similar mineral compositions and clay mineral types present. Although saline water increased froth stability in both fine and coarse coal flotation, coal particle aggregation only occurred between fine coal particles resulting in an increased recovery of coal particles as well as the entrapment of fine gangue minerals.     

Comparative Analysis of Soil Water and Salt Dielectric Model

The soil dielectric constant，the basis of the microwave remote sensing inversion of soil water and salt，is one of the main parameters of microwave remote sensing research.It is very important to select the high precision soil water and salt dielectric model to improve the precision of soil water and salt inversion.However，the existing soil water and salt model still can’t quantitatively describe the effect of salt factor on soil permittivity.This paper simulates the complex permittivity of different texture，water content and salinity wet soil by Dobson model，Dobson\|S model，GRMDM model，HQR model and WYR model at L，Cand X bands when soil temperature equal 25 ℃.Comparison and analysis the simulation values with measured values by microwave vector network analyzer.The results show：(1)Dobson model and GRMDM model can accurately simulate the real part of dielectric constant of non\|saline soil，while the stimulated values of imaginary part is less than the measured values;(2)Dobson\|S model can well simulate the real part of the dielectric constant of saline soil，at L，C\nd Xbands the correlation coefficient R equal 0.97，the RMSE is less than 2.10.But for the imaginary part of the dielectric constant of saline soil，the Dobson\|S model，HQR model and WYR model with different simulation accuracy，when soil water content different.This study would benefit the choice of a suitable soil dielectric model for soil moisture and salinity retrieval.     

激光熔覆稀土磷酸钙陶瓷涂层及其在生理盐水中的降解行为

利用激光熔覆技术,在医用钛合金表面制备梯度稀土磷酸钙复合陶瓷涂层。采用OM、XRD、SEM、iCP-MS分别对涂层的界面结合、物相组成、显微形貌、离子溶出进行考察。结果表明:经过激光熔覆后,能够在钛合金表面得到富含HA和β-TCP的梯度磷酸钙陶瓷涂层,且涂层分为基材、合金化层、陶瓷层3个层次,各层间界面结合良好;磷酸钙陶瓷涂层不断被生理盐水降解,质量不断丢失,涂层在生理盐水中能够形成一种类骨磷灰石的新相;伴随着涂层的降解,Ca~(2+)和La~(3+)从涂层中溶出;溶液中Ca~(2+)的溶出浓度在15~40 mg/L的范围内随浸泡时间的延长呈现波动上升的趋势,La~(3+)的析出浓度却在0.15~0.45 mg/L之间随着浸泡时间的延长呈现波动下降的趋势。