含分布式电源的辐射状配电网损耗分配方法

随着售电侧有序开放以及分布式电源的接入,如何公正合理地分配配电网损耗已经成为影响电力市场健康发展的一个关键问题。为此,提出了一种含分布式电源的辐射状配电网损耗分配方法,以实现各市场主体间合理的损耗分配。该方法基于潮流计算的结果,根据线路的有功和无功功率流动进行损耗分配,可分为三个步骤:首先,从电源节点(即发电量大于负荷的节点)开始,依次计算出所有节点分配的损耗,得到连接于节点的负荷分配的损耗;然后,计算连接于节点的分布式电源分配的损耗,同样先计算出节点分配的损耗,与第一步不同的是,节点分配损耗从汇聚节点(即负荷大于发电量的节点)开始计算;最后,对损耗计算结果进行规范化处理。对17节点和IEEE33节点算例系统进行仿真计算,并与其他方法进行对比,表明了所提出方法的公平性和合理性。     

基于改进MLC的含DG配电网损耗分摊研究

分布式电源(DG)接入后,配电网的损耗分摊问题变得更加复杂,基于比例系数的边际损耗系数(MLC)法在含DG配电网中应用时存在市场成员分摊差距过大的情况,分摊缺乏合理性。文中采用基于比例系数的MLC法计算含DG配电网的网络损耗分摊量,将正、负网损分摊量取绝对值求和,在此基础上重新计算各负荷的网损分摊量;然后,考虑网损分摊量总和与实际总损耗平衡的等式约束,利用奖惩系数,增加正网损分摊量,减少负网损分摊量,联立方程求解奖惩系数值,并对网损分摊量进行修正,改进后的方法可以避免正、负分摊量相互抵消,减小成员的分摊差距,合理分摊配电网中产生的损耗;最后,基于IEEE 33节点系统算例进行损耗分摊结果分析,结果表明,所提方法能够作为DG接入配电网的损耗分摊依据。     

配电网降损综述

较为全面地综述了国内外关于降低配电网损耗的研究状况。首先介绍了配电网损耗产生的原因,包括设备损耗和系统运行损耗两个方面。然后分别从设备配置和系统运行两个方面总结了当前各类降低配电网损耗的研究现状和存在的问题。并考虑多项降损措施的组合效果更明显,对当前研究比较广泛的无功优化、配电网重构和分布式电源优化等降损措施之间组合优化的研究现状进行综述。最后指出了当前配电网降损研究主要存在的问题及下一步可能的研究方向。     

Optimal allocation of capacitor banks in radial distribution systems for minimization of real power loss and maximization of network savings using bio-inspired optimization algorithms

In this paper, two new algorithms are implemented to solve optimal placement of capacitors in radial distribution systems in two ways that is, optimal placement of fixed size of capacitor banks (Variable Locations Fixed Capacitor banks-VLFQ) and optimal sizing and placement of capacitors (Variable Locations Variable sizing of Capacitors-VLVQ) for real power loss minimization and network savings maximization. The two bio-inspired algorithms Bat Algorithm (BA) and Cuckoo Search (CS): search for all possible locations in the system along with the different sizes of capacitors, in which the optimal sizes of capacitor are chosen to be standard sizes that are available in the market. To check the feasibility, the proposed algorithms are applied on standard 34 and 85 bus radial distribution systems. And the results are compared with results of other methods like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Harmonic Search (HS), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) and Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm (PGSA), as available in the literature. The proposed approaches are capable of producing high-quality solutions with good performance of convergence. The entire simulation has been developed in MATLAB R2010a software.     

Power loss minimization considering short‐circuit capacity in distribution system with decentralized distributed generation

In the future, a large number of distributed generators are expected to be connected to the distribution system. However, with the connected capacity of distributed generation (DG) increasing, the problems of short‐circuit capacity (SCC) over the interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker (CB) and power loss increases due to reverse power flow from DG are inevitable. In this paper, a reconfiguration methodology based on an optimal algorithm is applied to the distribution system with DG to minimize power loss, taking into account the SCC. Moreover, in order to further reduce the loss, the daily load variation is also considered and the optimal model decided by calculations. Finally, to illustrate its application, the methodology is applied to a case study of a 33‐bus system with decentralized DG units. The results show that this method is obviously able to reduce power loss and make the network operate in the optimal mode with normal load variation, at the same time decreasing the SCC within the interrupting maximum of the faulty CB. Moreover, the whole voltage profile is also improved. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determination of optimal output power and location for multiple distributed generation sources simultaneously by using artificial bee colony

Transformation of a distribution network into an intelligent and efficient system meets with many difficulties. One of most important challenges for engineers is to achieve a more economical distribution network. In addition, fluctuation in the price of oil and gas makes this task more complex. Therefore, the introduction of distributed generation (DG) in the system promises to be a good solution to reduce the dependency on oil and gas sources. However, the location and output power of DG are still an issue that needs to be solved by the utility. In previous studies, determination of DG output power and DG location are executed separately, which means a different technique is applied to each of them. Thus, it will lead the solution getting trapped in a local minimum because the calculation of optimal DG output power does not depend on the optimal DG location. This paper presents a solution to determine the location and output power of DGs simultaneously by using simultaneous artificial bee colony (SABC) to reduce the total power losses. The performance of SABC is compared with that of separate analysis, which is a combination of a single DG placement algorithm and artificial bee colony (ABC). The analysis shows that determining simultaneously the DG's location and the output gives lower total power losses and better voltage profile compared to separately analyzing the two. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Novel fault‐location method for overhead electrical distribution systems

The implementation of a fault‐location methodology in an electrical utility is dependent on the accuracy and ability of the method in locating all fault types. However, meeting these requirements is not an easy task. This paper presents a novel fault‐location algorithm based on a new formulation for faults in overhead distribution systems. A single fault‐location equation has been derived to provide a unified solution for any fault type. This is in contrast with other methods that use one equation for each fault type. The proposed method does not require the identification of the fault type; only the fundamental values of the voltages and currents that are measured at the substation terminal are required to solve the proposed fault‐location equation. An overhead 11‐kV, 21‐bus, real‐life radial distribution feeder is simulated to evaluate and test the viability of the proposed method using the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The results indicate that the proposed method gives high accuracy and can be implemented with the available technology. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Fault current calculation in distribution systems with inverter‐based distributed generations

Fault current calculation in distribution systems faces the problem with participation of inverter‐based distributed generation (IBDG). This paper analyzes the fault response of IBDG in order to model it under fault condition. An adaptive algorithm based on an iterative technique is then proposed to calculate the fault current in a system with the installation of IBDG. This algorithm is first validated by the conventional fault calculation technique in case of a system without IBDG. Then, a time‐variant simulation is performed to validate the proposed algorithm for the system with IBDG. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Load variation impact on allowable output power of distributed generator with loss consideration

As more renewable energy is being utilized, the number of distributed generators (DGs) is continuously increasing. In general, DGs provide considerable benefits from both economic and engineering aspects. Determination of the appropriate DG capacity is generally performed under certain operating conditions. However, the system demand varies with the time of the day. Therefore, appropriate DG output power, taking into account distribution feeder loss reduction, also changes over time. This paper investigates the impact of load variation on determining the appropriate DG output power for feeder loss reduction purposes. The branch current decomposition loss allocation based method is further developed to determine an appropriate DG output power taking into account customer load profiles. It is anticipated that the proposed method would help planning engineers to determine the suitable DG power output to be fed into their systems in a short period of time. The obtained results also show that the feeder loss can be managed effectively with appropriate output power of the DG. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计及分布式电源的配电网供电可靠性研究

首先分析了分布式电源接人配电网的方式、作为等效电源的模式、配电网孤岛运行方式以及它们对配电网供电可靠性的影响,然后根据供需平衡原则,提出配电网孤岛划分策略,在此基础上,建立了计及分布式电源影响的配电网供电可靠性分析计算模型,最后通过对一典型配电网的仿真计算,说明该模型的合理性与有效性.以计算结果表明,分布式电源接入配电网后,可以大大提高配电网供电的可靠性.     

Optimum siting and sizing of a large distributed generator in a mesh connected system

This paper proposes a new approach to optimally determine the appropriate size and location of the distributed generator (DG) in a large mesh connected system. This paper presents a visual optimization approach in which the planner plays an important role in determining the optimal siting and sizing of the DG through the choice of the appropriate weight factors of the parameters included in the optimization technique according to the system deficiencies. Losses, voltage profile and short circuit level are used in the algorithm to determine the optimum sizes and locations of the DG. The short circuit level parameter is introduced to represent the protective device requirements in the selection of the size and location of the DG. The proposed technique has been tested on the IEEE 24—bus mesh connected test system. The obtained results showed clearly that the optimal size and location can be simply determined through the proposed approach.     

A generalized power flow analysis for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generation

In this paper, the element incidence matrix has been extended to develop a comprehensive three-phase distribution system power flow program for radial topology. Three-phase overhead or underground primary feeders and double-phase or single-phase line sections near the end of the feeder laterals have been considered. Unbalanced loads with different types including constant power, constant current and constant impedance are modeled at the system buses. Substation voltage regulator (SVR) consisting of three single phase units connected in wye or two single-phase units connected in open delta are modeled to satisfy the desired voltage level along the feeder. The mathematical model of distributed generation (DG) connected as PQ and PV buses are integrated into the power flow program to simulate the penetration of DGs in the distribution systems. The proposed method has been tested and compared with different IEEE test feeders result. The developed algorithm has been used to study the impact of both SVR and high penetration of DG on voltage profile and system power losses.     

A multibranch exchange method for distribution loss minimization

This paper presents a multibranch exchange method for reconfiguration of distribution systems to reduce their line losses. In this method several switches are closed and opened simultaneously in each branch exchange operation to expand the search neighborhood. The switches to be closed are selected as the intermediate systems will be meshed configuration. Sequential branch opening method can be applied to open the switches to obtain the radial configuration efficiently. Test examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the case of double branch exchange. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 40–48, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21015     

分布式电源并网的潮流计算

分布式电源DG(distributed generation)并网对配电系统的电压和网损有着重要影响。分析了常见的几种DG,提出了它们各自在潮流计算中的模型以及处理方法,并采用前推回代法来计算有DG并网的配电系统的潮流。考虑到前推回代法处理PV节点的能力较差,引入了注入无功补偿法,该方法适合DG并入配电系统的潮流计算。然后,通过在33节点配电系统中进行大量测试,表明该方法是可行的。最后分析DG并网对系统电压和网损的影响。     

中低压配电网理论线损计算方法探讨

计算理论线损是分析线损构成、制定降损措施及确定线损指标的必要手段,着重讨论了中低压配电网理论线损计算的方法和步骤,可为理论线损计算工作提供参考.     

A protection scheme for microgrid with multiple distributed generations using superimposed reactive energy

With the growing integration of distributed generation, distribution networks have evolved toward the concept of microgrids. Microgrids can be operated in either the grid-connected mode to achieve peak shaving and power loss reduction or the islanded mode to increase the reliability and continuity of supply. These two modes of operation cause a challenge in microgrid protection, because the magnitude of fault current decreases significantly during the transition of a microgrid from the grid-connected mode to the islanded mode. This paper proposes a protection scheme for the microgrid based on superimposed reactive energy. The proposed scheme uses the Hilbert transform to calculate the superimposed reactive energy (SRE). The sequence components of superimposed current are adopted to detect fault incidents in the microgrid. The faulty phase and section are recognised by using the directional characteristics of SRE along with a threshold value. Moreover, a relay structure, which enables the proposed protection scheme, is designed. The significant feature of the proposed protection scheme is that it has the ability to protect the looped and radial microgrids against solid and high-impedance faults. To verify the efficacy of the proposed approach, extensive simulations have been carried out using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package. The results show that the proposed scheme successfully identifies and isolates various types of fault in a microgrid and performs well with different fault resistances and fault locations.     

基于经济运行分析的分布式电源配电网线损分摊

为了从经济运行角度研究分布式电源配电网线损分摊,给出一种基于经济运行分析的分布式电源配电网线损分摊计算方法。首先,采用等效电阻法计算最小配电网线损,并据此计算接入分布式电源前后配电网的经济运行负载区间;其次,分析配电网接入分布式电源前后经济运行负载区间变化的原因,并据此构建不同的运行场景;最后,采用潮流追踪算法计算分布式电源线损分摊电量,设置对应的奖惩系数修正计算的线损分摊电量。实例分析结果验证了所给方法的有效性和合理性。     

Optimal reactive power control via loss minimization and voltage control

This paper presents a mathematical formulation of optimal reactive power control problem via loss minimization and voltage control. The model minimizes real power losses, deviation from the optimal active power despatch policy, and the difference between percentage sharing of reactive power by controlling the generator terminal voltage magnitudes, transfer tap setting, and reactive power sources. The constraints set include power flow equations and limits on the variables. A method is developed to solve this problem using reduced gradient and Fletcher's update. Several test problems were solved using the developed technique. Correction to the groups of decision variables are applied simultaneously as well as hierarchically, and the results are compared for 6-bus, 30-bus, and 103-bus sample systems.     

低压配电网三相不平衡运行的影响及治理措施

我国低压配电系统大都采用三相四线制Y/Yno(Y/Y)接线方式,由于单相负载的不均衡性等原因,造成配电变压器处于三相不平衡运行状态.从电能质量的角度分析不平衡运行所造成的三相电压不平衡及其危害,详细分析和推导三相不平衡所带来的配变损耗和线路损耗,并针对低压配网的三相不平衡问题提出了管理和技术上的治理措施.     

含分布式电源接入的配电网故障恢复方法

高渗透率分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)的接入使得配电网故障恢复决策需要考虑更多的安全因素。基于对光伏发电系统及风力发电系统的有功出力进行合理建模,建立以故障失电负荷恢复量最大为目标函数,以满足DG接入下配电网络运行安全为约束条件的故障恢复优化模型。为高效求解所建立的含DG的配电网故障恢复模型,基于二阶锥与ε-松弛技术,将原问题模型松弛为线性可解形式,从而可直接利用YALMIP商业软件进行快速有效求解。通过组态式配网动模试验平台搭建基于改进的IEEE 33节点网络进行测试,并与基于粒子群算法的传统配电网故障恢复模型进行对比,仿真结果表明所提基于线性规划方法的故障恢复模型能够快速且最大限度地恢复失电负荷。