基于局部曲线拟合的电压失稳预防控制算法

为了快速获得预想失稳故障下的电压稳定预防控制方案,提出了一种基于局部曲线拟合的电压失稳预防控制算法。在深入研究电压稳定鞍结分岔点特性的基础上,利用局部曲线拟合方程式推导了一种无需分岔点处雅可比矩阵零特征值所对应左特征向量即可快速计算负荷裕度灵敏度的方法。根据所求得的灵敏度建立失稳故障的预防控制模型,给出了预防电压失稳的控制方案。对IEEE-57节点系统的仿真结果表明,所提方法能够快速、准确地计算系统负荷裕度灵敏度,并且能够有效地将系统运行点拉回电压稳定安全域。     

一种计算最小负荷裕度的实用方法

最小负荷裕度能量度从当前运行点到电压失稳点的最恶劣的一种演化,为电压稳定预警提供更多信息。文中提出一种计算最小负荷裕度的实用方法。结合控制中心实际,得到一种负荷模式以及模式波动的表示形式,从而建立实用的连续潮流模型和求取最小负荷裕度的优化模型,推导了负荷裕度对于负荷模式的灵敏度,并采用序列线性规划法来快速、有效地求解最小负荷裕度。给出的期望负荷裕度和最小负荷裕度为电压稳定预警提供更丰富的规则信息。新英格兰10机39节点系统的仿真算例验证了所述方法的有效性。     

Online VAR support estimation for voltage stability enhancement

The existing resources in present day power systems are inadequate to meet the ever-growing load demand and as a result the grids are operated closer to the voltage stability boundaries. The system is therefore prone to voltage collapse even for a small increase in load demand. VAR support appears to be the only viable remedial measure. This paper develops a fuzzy based online tool to determine the minimum VAR support required for a projected load demand with a view to ensure voltage stability in a power system. The tool incarnates a methodology through which the operator can initiate steps to improve the voltage profile and bring the system far away from the point of voltage collapse. It includes the test results of three IEEE systems to exhibit the viability and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

在线多预想故障静态电压崩溃预防控制

提出在线多预想故障静态电压崩溃预防控制问题的数学模型及相应的数值计算方法。该模型以最小控制代价为目标,综合考虑了预防控制后正常运行点的可行性及多预想故障条件下的静态电压稳定裕度要求。对于多预想故障静态电压崩溃预防控制问题的求解,借鉴规划领域积极约束集策略的思想,在裕度扫描的基础上确定关键预想故障集,根据关键预想故障集计算预防控制策略,而后对预防控制后的电网进行裕度扫描,确定新的关键预想故障集,循环执行直至所有预想故障条件下的静态电压稳定裕度都得到满足。通过福建电网的数字仿真验证了模型的正确性及算法的有效性。     

Power system voltage instability riskmitigation via emergency demandresponse-based whale optimizationalgorithm

In recent years, due to the economic and environmental issues, modern power systems often operate proximately to the technical restraints enlarging the probable level of instability risks. Hence, efficient methods for voltage instability prevention are of great importance to power system companies to avoid the risk of large blackouts. In this paper, an event-driven emergency demand response (EEDR) strategy based on whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is proposed to effectively improve system voltage stability. The main objective of the proposed EEDR approach is to maintain voltage stability margin (VSM) in an acceptable range during emergency situations by driving the operating condition of the power system away from the insecure points. The optimal locations and amounts of load reductions have been determined using WOA algorithm. To test the feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed method, simulation studies are carried out on the IEEE 14-bus and real Algerian 114-bus power systems.     

Assessment of transient voltage stability based on critical operating time of emergency control using neural networks

Since unstable phenomena that load bus voltages collapse rapidly after a large disturbance occurred in a bulk power system, it is becoming necessary to develop a fast and precise evaluation method of what is called transient voltage stability. Although many indices have so far been proposed for static voltage stability assessment, there are few evaluation methods, digital simulation analysis for example, for the transient voltage stability assessment that deals with the dynamic characteristics of generators, loads, etc. This paper presents the transient voltage stability evaluation system that consists of two artificial neural networks (NNs). The first NN judges whether the system is stable or not under a given operating condition, load composition and fault location from the viewpoint of the transient voltage stability. If it is judged to be unstable, the second NN estimates critical operating time of emergency control action as a severity index of the transient voltage instability. Here, closing of a bus tie that is switched off in the normal state is adopted as the emergency control for voltage stabilization. Numerical examples for a 26-bus model system are shown in order to check the effectiveness of the proposed evaluation system.     

交流/混合多端直流混联系统最临近静态电压失稳点的求取

为了分析电流源换流器(CSC)和电压源换流器(VSC)结合而成的交流/混合多端直流混联系统的静态电压稳定性,给出了一种寻找最临近电压失稳点的方法。采用改进连续潮流法,从系统初始运行点出发,计及联结变压器电压比的调节和换流器控制方式的转变,根据最短路径原理不断修正负荷增长方向,并且采用自适应负荷增长方向的步长控制策略逐渐逼近最危险负荷增长方向,最终确定混联系统的最临近电压失稳点和最小负荷裕度。对基于IEEE14节点的交流/混合三端直流混联系统进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明该方法是有效可行的,最临近电压失稳点能够准确反映混联系统的电压失稳情况。     

综合考虑负荷增长和多预想故障的静态电压失稳预防控制策略

提出的综合的静态电压失稳预防控制策略以最小控制代价为目标,综合考虑了负荷增长方式和多预想故障条件下的静态电压稳定裕度约束对系统静态电压稳定性的影响。该策略分2步进行:首先考虑负荷增长的影响,若系统在未来运行点不满足静稳指标,则找出系统的薄弱区域和负荷最安全变化方向,在此方向进行合理的无功补偿;其次考虑多预想故障条件下系统的静态电压稳定裕度约束,并引入关键故障集的概念求解计算优化策略,施加控制措施后再进行扫描确定新的关键故障集,循环直至对所有故障都满足裕度要求。IEEE-39节点算例证明了该综合预防控制策略的有效性。     

Voltage Stability Analysis in Electric Power Systems by Nonlinear Programming

ABSTRACT

Voltage instability phenomena in electric power systems are characterized by a progressive lowering of receiving end voltages beyond their nominal values.Particularly, a voltage collapse occurs at a load node when the active power fed from the load reaches a maximum value. On the basis of this observation a new method for the analysis of the voltage stability in power systems is presented.The suggested approach derives the critical voltage stability conditions for the system through the solution, by non linear programming techniques, of a non linear constrained optimization problem which considers as objective function the active power demand at a prefixed load node and as constraints the active and reactive power balance equations at the system nodes and the practical operating capabilities of generators. The method proves suitable for a rigorous individualization of the factors which affect voltage instability phenomena and can advantageously be used for planning and operation of electric power systems. Two examples are presented to illustrate the validity and the usefulness of the suggested approach.     

Optimal reactive power control of DGs for voltage regulation of MV distribution systems using sensitivity analysis method and PSO algorithm

This paper addresses the problem of reactive power control of distributed generation (DG) units in the medium voltage (MV) distribution systems to maintain the system voltages within the predefined limits. An efficient approach for the load flow calculation is used here which is based on the topological structure of the network. It has been formulated for the radial distribution systems. A direct voltage sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper which is also based on the topological structure of the network and independent of the network operating points. Thus, the sensitivity matrix is calculated once with the load flow program and it is used in all the system working conditions. The problem of DGs reactive power control is formulated as an optimization problem which uses the sensitivity analysis for linearizing the system around its operating points. The objective of the optimization problem is to return the system voltages inside the permitted range by using the reactive power of DGs in an optimal way. The optimal solutions are obtained by implementing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then, the results are verified by running a load flow considering new values of DGs reactive power. The procedure is repeated as long as a voltage violation is observed. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is capable of keeping the system voltages within the permitted limits.     

电力系统电压稳定与电压崩溃及负荷稳定的关系

电力系统的电压失稳、电压崩溃及负荷失稳是电压稳定问题中最基本的重要概念 ,它们既相互联系又有本质区别 ,正确和客观地认识它们之间的相互关系 ,对深入研究电压稳定问题的机理具有重要意义 .负荷稳定性是电力系统电压稳定性的最主要和最关键的方面 ,分析负荷对静态电压稳定性的影响时 ,负荷特性应当采用准静态功率—电压特性     

Voltage security enhancement via coordinated control

The problem of analytically coordinating dissimilar voltage control actions to prevent voltage collapse in a large power system is addressed. A framework for hybrid voltage control based on coordination of controls with different response time and dynamic characteristics is presented. The proposed method is based on a security constrained steady-state approach. The minimum distance from the operating point to the bifurcation boundary is used to evaluate system voltage security. The optimal control direction toward adequate security is then obtained by calculating the sensitivity of the minimum distance with respect to control parameters. The actual dispatch of controls along the optimal direction, which takes into account impacts of economic cost and control availability, is determined as the solution of a multiple-stage optimization problem using differential dynamic programming. The algorithm is demonstrated for a system with dynamic load models representing the main grid of New South Wales, Australia     

Look-ahead voltage and load margin contingency selection functionsfor large-scale power systems

Given the current operating condition (obtained from the real-time data), the near-term load demand at each bus (obtained from short-term load forecast), and the generation dispatch (say, based on economic dispatch), we present in this paper a load margin measure (MW and/or MVAr) to assess the system's ability to withstand the forecasted load and generation variations. We also present a method to predict near-term system voltage profiles. The proposed look-ahead measure and the proposed voltage prediction are then applied to contingency selections for the near-term power system in terms of load margins to collapse and of the bus voltage magnitudes. We evaluate the proposed look-ahead measure and the voltage profile prediction on several power systems including a 1169-bus power system with 53 contingencies with promising results     

Direct calculation of voltage-stability limit of electric power systems

On-line monitoring of voltage-stability conditions is a new requirement for the energy management systems of the electric power industry. Preferred by the utility engineers and dispatchers is an index which represents explicitly the margins to a voltage-stability limit (collapse point) expressed in a physical unit ordinarily used. For example, such indices are the system load and voltage-voltage-stability-margins (SVVSM) between the present operating point and a voltage collapse point. However, long computer time is required to calculate accurately the voltage collapse point by the conventional method because many multiple load-flow solutions are required. This paper presents a new algorithm to calculate directly, exactly, and rapidly the voltage-stability limit. The algorithm uses the load-flow equations and the explicit expressions of the voltage collapse root conditions are expressed as dR/dV = 0, where R is active or reactive power node injection, and modifying the conventional N-R load-flow program, and is not affected numerically by singular Jacobians. The proposed algorithm is verified through calculating the voltage stability limit of a 176-node power system.     

Determination of voltage stability limit in multimachine powersystems

A method of determining the load limit and the critical state of a general multimachine power system is presented. In the method, the search for the load limit is formulated as an optimization problem. With this formulation, difficulties related to singularity of the load-flow-equations Jacobian matrix, and convergence of the load-flow solution around the voltage stability limit, are avoided. Modification to the basic formulation to allow consideration of load-voltage characteristics is also shown. A voltage stability margin is defined which may serve as a measure of the security of a given operating condition from voltage instability or collapse. Results of application of the proposed method to the AEP 14-bus network are presented     

含直流馈入的弱受端电网暂态电压稳定预防控制

远距离跨区直流输电(HVDC)的大规模应用给电力系统安全稳定运行带来了新的挑战.针对HVDC馈入后弱受端交流电网面临的暂态电压稳定问题,提出一种暂态电压稳定预防控制方法.建立以改善弱受端电网暂态电压恢复指标为目标函数,以火电机组有功出力、机端电压、直流输送功率为控制变量的暂态电压稳定预防控制优化模型.基于改进差分进化算...     

多端柔性直流输电系统动态协调优化控制策略

针对多端柔性直流输电系统（MMC-MTDC）采用定系数下垂控制存在功率分配失衡、直流电压越限及运行损耗较高的情况,提出一种动态协调优化控制策略。该控制策略考虑网损、直流电压偏差、换流站功率裕度、系统电压静态稳定裕度等因素对系统的影响,建立非线性多目标优化求解模型,并采用基于Pareto最优解集的多目标遗传优化算法计算受端下垂控制站的直流电压参考值、直流功率参考值和下垂系数。然后将求解得到的最优控制参数应用于系统,使换流站动态修正实际运行点以保证系统的稳定与经济运行。最后,建立四端MMC-MTDC系统并对所提控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,该控制策略可在满足各项稳定运行指标的前提下,根据系统运行工况得出最优控制参数并动态修正运行点,实现降低系统运行损耗和各站直流功率不满载的目标。     

基于L指标节点无功注入量快速确定方法研究

随着电网负荷的不断增加,电压稳定性问题日益突出,电网出现电压失稳的可能性也越来越大。为了改善系统电压稳定性,以电压稳定在线监控的简化三指标为基础,分析了无功注入量的变化对电压稳定的影响;根据简化L指标函数的微分基本性质,推导出了一种关于无功优化通用的、规范的解析算法。该方法能快速地计算负荷节点无功注入量,使得电网运行在带相应负荷的最佳稳定状态。通过IEEE-14、IEEE-30、IEEE-57、IEEE-118系统的算例仿真,验证了所述方法对于提高电压稳定性,降低电网崩溃风险的可行性和有效性。     

Optimal Allocation and Operating Point of DG Units in Radial Distribution Network Considering Load Pattern

Distributed generation (DG) is a new approach for solving some problems of older power networks. Due to the increasing power demand in recent power systems, the importance of power loss reduction and maintaining system voltages within an acceptable range has given rise to the wide use of DG units in power systems. On the other hand, unplanned and non-optimal application such as installation and operation of DG units might cause other technical problems. In addition, it is important to consider the load pattern in the network, and the best decision for DG unit's operation must be chosen accordingly. In this paper, a method is introduced in order to make the optimal placement and find an optimal operating point for the DG units, which means the power output of DG units, considering the load pattern of the network. This load pattern has an average load of 24 hr a day, four seasons a year. In the proposed method, optimization has two goals: first, is optimizing the DG unit's placement based on improvement of the voltage profile, and the second is operating DG units with optimum power factor, minimizing power loss, and improving voltage profile, with regard to the load pattern. In order to solve this problem, the gravitational search algorithm and genetic algorithm are used. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 33-bus test system, and the result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method. In order to solve the optimization problem, MATLAB software is used.     

一种模拟负荷动态恢复特性的连续潮流模型

电力系统电压稳定监视与控制需要准确模拟负荷的电压响应特性。负荷在故障后的动态恢复特性是中长期电压失稳或电压崩溃的直接原因。该文提出一种模拟负荷动态恢复特性的连续潮流模型,将负荷功率的时域恢复特性等效转化为负荷静态电压模型中系数的连续变化。文中分别给出ZIP多项式和幂函数2种负荷模型的系数参数化方法,并推导和给出稳定临界点的灵敏度计算公式。负荷恢复型连续潮流可作为一种新的电压失稳故障识别方法。应用该模型在IEEE118节点系统,结果表明负荷恢复型连续潮流可模拟故障后负荷功率的动态恢复过程,识别失稳故障并给出可供预防控制用的灵敏度信息。