Damping inter-area modes of oscillation using an adaptive fuzzy power system stabilizer

This paper introduces an indirect adaptive fuzzy controller as a power system stabilizer used to damp inter-area modes of oscillation following disturbances in power systems. Compared to the IEEE standard multi-band power system stabilizer (MB-PSS), indirect adaptive fuzzy-based stabilizers are more efficient because they can cope with oscillations at different operating points. A nominal model of the power system is identified on-line using a variable structure identifier. A feedback linearization-based control law is implemented using the identified model. The gains of the controller are tuned via a particle swarm optimization routine to ensure system stability and minimum sum of the squares of the speed deviations. A bench-mark problem of a 4-machine 2-area power system is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller and to show its superiority over other conventional stabilizers used in the literature.     

Damping inter-area oscillation by generation rescheduling based on wide-area measurement information

Inter-area oscillations are inherent to power systems which can be caused due to oscillation of two coherent groups of generators against each other with low or negative damping. Poorly damped oscillations can pose various problems such as limiting transfer capabilities and in more severe cases can lead to uncontrolled islanding causing system blackout. In this paper, for damping inter-area oscillation a new method based on the wide area measurement system (WAMS) and using generation rescheduling (GR) is proposed. The proposed algorithm consists of three tasks; identification of inter-area mode, determination the most effective generators for rescheduling and enhancing damping of inter-area mode by GR. In this approach, first by means of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and modified Random Decrement (RD) techniques and using on-line power and rotor angle oscillation data provided by WAMS, the frequency and damping of the inter-area mode is identified. In the case of low damping of oscillation, by using mode shape of the inter area mode, generation rescheduling is applied for improvement of damping. In this paper, a non-model based method is adopted for estimating mode shape from the measured data like generator rotor speeds. The proposed approach is applied on a two area small system and IEEE 39-bus test system and the results demonstrate effectiveness of the method for enhancing oscillation damping.     

Damping control of inter-area oscillations in the European power system using aggregated models

In the first part of the paper, a new approach to the reduction of large dynamic network models is presented. This method is implemented in the program package PSD and is used here in an exemplary fashion to reduce the model of the European power system to a model usable for the solution of a number of problems. In the second part, the paper describes a new damping concept of inter-area oscillations in large power systems. Additionally installed second-level damping controllers are acting on the voltage regulator reference inputs of selected generators. They are using global information about the swing profiles of the inter-area oscillations to be damped. The damping controllers are designed as a H_∞-norm optimal decentral control system based on both a topological and a frequency range decomposition of the control task. The solution is demonstrated for the reduced model of the European system. Received: 30 April 2001/Accepted: 8 June 2001     

Modal analysis of inter-area oscillations using the theory of normal modes

Based on the notion of normal modes in mechanical systems, a method is proposed for the analysis and characterization of oscillatory processes in power systems. The method is based on the property of invariance of modal subspaces and can be used to represent complex power system modal behavior by a set of decoupled, two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equations.     

基于广域信息的发电机电压控制抑制区间低频振荡方法

为了在线抑制区间低频振荡,提出了一种基于广域信息的发电机电压控制方法。在发电机机端电压调整对系统振荡模式阻尼影响机理基础上,分析了电压控制对局部振荡模式和区域振荡模式的影响。基于发电机主导振荡模式下参与因子计算进行控制点选取;通过参与振荡的发电机分群计算两群机组振荡相角的均值,判别相角均值大的机群为领前群并提升领前群机组的电压;基于机组的调度区域属性区分局部振荡模式和区域振荡模式。南方电网算例分析结果表明,该方法能有效抑制低频振荡,证明了方法的正确性和有效性。     

Damping of system oscillatory modes by a phase compensated gas turbine governor

The proliferation of gas turbines in power systems increases the scope for taking advantage of mechanical torque control for improved network damping. This paper describes a phase compensated governor for a gas turbine and explores its potential contributions to system damping in a multimachine context. It is shown that the inclusion of phase compensation in the governor control loop is capable of achieving dynamic stability for the system without the need of a power system stabilizer (PSS) in the generator excitation control loop and without adversely influencing terminal voltage control. In addition, it is demonstrated that a phase compensated governor (PCG) is also capable of significantly improving transient stability and by complementing the effectiveness of a conventional PSS, enables a superior overall contribution to network damping.     

Stabilization of inter-area and/or oscillatory modes in large-scale power system by voltage impedance power system (VIPS) apparatus based on decentralized control scheme

New technologies such as power electronics have made it possible to change continuously the impedance of a power system not only to control power flow but also to enhance stability. A power system incorporating a variable impedance apparatus such as a variable series capacitor (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifter (HSPS) is called VIPS (Variable Impedance Power System) by the authors. This paper proposes a novel control method of VIPS apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS installed at an interconnecting point for stabilizing inter-area unstable and/or oscillatory modes. The proposed design method of the control system is a kind of hierarchical decentralized control method of a large-scale power system based on a Lyapunov function. Under the proposed control scheme, each subsystem can be stabilized independently by local controllers such as AVR, speed governor and PSS, and then the whole interconnected system can be stabilized by VIPS apparatus taking into account interactions between subsystems. The effectiveness and robustness of the VIPS apparatus control are shown by numerical examples with model systems including a large-scale power system.     

超低频区间振荡现象的机理分析

对我国东北、华北、华中、川渝电网的联网工程中出现的超低频区间振荡现象进行了深入的理论分析.提出区间振荡模式的特征值关于区间联系导纳的灵敏度的概念,通过对该灵敏度的数学分析,揭示了区间振荡频率受电网互联强弱的影响规律,指出区间振荡频率将随电网互联的减弱而降低.同时阐明系统容量对区间联系导纳的影响,在我国四大电网联网时由于系统容量较大,使得区间联系导纳较小,进而导致区间振荡频率较低,出现了超低频现象.对四机两区系统和四大区域联网系统进行小干扰稳定计算,比较并说明本文采用经典发电机模型近似复杂详细模型来定性研究区间振荡频率变化的方法的有效性,并且验证了理论分析的正确性.     

惯量对区域振荡模式的影响

机组的惯量对区域振荡频率和阻尼有着较大的影响。以两机系统为例推导了区域振荡模式与不同区域机组等值惯量之间的关系，并以两机与四机系统作为仿真算例．利用特征根分析法，得出区域振荡模式随着不同区域等值惯量以及不同区域内机组惯量的变化曲线。把仿真结果与估算公式相比较，分析得出区域内机组不同调因素对区域振荡频率影响较小。而对区域振荡阻尼影响较大的结论。     

On the inter-area optimal voltage and reactive power control

Scheduling voltage and reactive power is one of the major problems and concerns of the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) especially after deregulation of power market. Due to locally provision of the reactive power resources, each TSO has developed its own specific method. Hence, the voltage and reactive power coordination in the interconnected system has got less attention. In this respect, current practices of different TSOs in Europe and North America, as examples of interconnected power systems, are investigated in this paper. Afterwards, it focuses on the inter-area optimization of the voltage and reactive power. Instead of performing the studies around one particular optimization, different aspects of the mathematical formulation of the optimization problem in the interconnected power system, including objective function, constraints and appropriate modeling of neighboring areas, are revisited more in depth. Various possible implementations of coordinated approaches, including centralized and decentralized structures, as well as non-coordinated approach in collaborative and non-collaborative environments are studied. In this respect, new contributions are proposed in this paper by using the distributed slack bus model and the limitation of the voltage and reactive power in the interconnections links. The comparative analysis between the available and proposed methods are discussed in terms of sub-optimality and time to convergence. The discussions are based on New England 39 bus system and the presented results in the literatures.     

超低频区间振荡现象的机理分析

对我国东北、华北、华中、川渝电网的联网工程中出现的超低频区间振荡现象进行了深入的理论分析。提出区间振荡模式的特征值关于区间联系导纳的灵敏度的概念,通过对该灵敏度的数学分析,揭示了区间振荡频率受电网互联强弱的影响规律,指出区间振荡频率将随电网互联的减弱而降低。同时阐明系统容量对区间联系导纳的影响,在我国四大电网联网时由于系统容量较大,使得区间联系导纳较小,进而导致区间振荡频率较低,出现了超低频现象。对四机两区系统和四大区域联网系统进行小干扰稳定计算,比较并说明本文采用经典发电机模型近似复杂详细模型来定性研究区间振荡频率变化的方法的有效性,并且验证了理论分析的正确性。     

A fundamental study of inter-area oscillations in power systems

A fundamental study of the nature of inter-area oscillations in power systems is presented. The effects of the system structure, generator modeling, excitation type, and system loads are discussed in detail. Both small signal and transient stability analyses are used to determine the characteristics of the system     

抑制区间振荡工程措施的评估和应用策略分析

电力系统区间振荡因涉及范围广、影响面积大,已成为严重威胁互联电网安全稳定运行的突出问题.针对目前工程上已有多种抑制措施投入使用,但在不同措施系统评估和综合比较方面存在研究不足的问题,对改变电网结构、增加控制设备和调整运行方式三类基本措施的特点、效果和适用性进行了系统性的评估,并从需要的设施、投资高低、应用条件、对网架和运行方式变化的适用性及对其他方面的影响等方面进行了综合比较分析,在此基础上提出了综合应用策略和需要进一步研究的方向.     

Coordinated application of FACTS controllers to damp out inter-area oscillations

This paper proposes a systematic analysis and design procedure for simultaneously determining the best locations and input signals of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices in order to damp out inter-area oscillations. First, a modified modal power flow oscillation flow method is developed to determine the nature of the energy exchange over the transmission network in the presence of FACTS devices. With this method, the modal distribution along critical system paths is identified, and the contribution of each machine and network device is computed. Controllability and observability studies are then used to assess the effect of existing FACTS controllers on system damping as well as to identify optimal locations for new devices. The proposed procedure is demonstrated on a 46-machine, 190-bus reduced-order equivalent model of the Mexican interconnected system that includes several static VAR compensators.     

Analysis of inter-area oscillations in the South China Interconnected Power System

This paper presents a detailed analysis of low-frequency inter-area oscillations of the South China Interconnected Power System (SCIPS) for the year of 2005 based on the eigenanalysis method. Participation factors and mode shape diagrams of the generators participating the inter-area oscillations are figured out, and locations of PSS are determined accordingly, the parameter setting for the PSS is studied as well. The method of HVDC small signal modulation is applied to enhance the small signal stability of the system; the results are investigated based on the Prony method. The influences of component maintenances in the transmission corridors on the inter-area oscillations are further investigated, and some important conclusions are drawn.     

Use of energy and power concepts in the analysis of the inter-area mode phenomenon

This paper presents an energy-based small signal method of analyzing low-frequency inter-area oscillations. A comprehensive framework for the analysis of system oscillations is developed based on the analysis of energy relationships in the linear state representation of the power system. This approach provides insight into the nature of the inter-area phenomenon and can be used in conjunction with modern techniques for spectral analysis of complex power systems. The practical use of the proposed methodology is tested on a complex 46-machine, 190-bus test system. Detailed non-linear time domain simulations and frequency domain studies are finally conducted to check the validity of the results.     

基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电系统的阻尼特性与阻尼控制

利用复数力矩分析方法近似推导了基于电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter HVDC,VSC-HVDC)系统的电磁力矩,定性分析了VSC-HVDC的快速功率控制可能会导致系统出现电气阻尼变弱或负阻尼现象。在建立包括VSC-HVDC及控制器在内的AC/DC混合系统的动态数学模型的基础上,应用最优控制理论设计了最优阻尼控制器,交直流并联系统数值仿真结果表明该附加阻尼控制方法的有效性。     

Analysis of the inter-area mode phenomenon in power systemsfollowing large disturbances

The authors analyze interarea mode phenomena in stressed power systems, following large disturbances. It is shown that the interarea mode phenomenon could occur as a result of a nonlinear interaction of the natural modes of oscillation in the system. A technique for determining the interaction is developed and the machines participating in the interaction are identified. A procedure for predicting the onset of the interarea mode is presented. The technique was tested on two realistic sample test systems: a 50 generator system and a 126 generator system. The results of this analysis indicate that the procedure can detect the onset of the interarea mode phenomenon and also detect the machines which participate in the interacting natural modes of oscillation     

基于CBR和OAPID的互联电网区间模式振荡预警

采用基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的量测数据,提出基于范例推理(CBR)理论及功率振荡增量分布(OAPID)理论的互联电网区间模式振荡预警方法。该方法在系统未发生低频振荡时进行区间模式振荡预警;在系统发生振荡时提供系统运行方式的调整建议来改善系统阻尼。某区域电网WAMS实测数据的测试结果验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

Nonlinear controller design of thyristor controlled series compensation for damping inter-area power oscillation

A design method of nonlinear controllers of thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC) for damping inter-area power oscillation based on direct feedback linearization (DFL) is presented in this paper. To damp inter-area power oscillation of power systems, the power modulation action of the TCSC is illustrated firstly. Then the nonlinear model of a two-area power system with the TCSC control is constructed, and is linearized by the DFL. Finally, the design of the nonlinear optimal controller of the TCSC has been completed using the criterion of integration for time and absolute error (ITAE). The digital simulation results using NETOMAC program and detail models show that the presented controller of the TCSC can efficiently improve inter-area power oscillation damping of power systems.