Comparison of energy harvesting systems for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) offer an attractive solution to many environmental, security, and process monitoring problems. However, one barrier to their fuller adoption is the need to supply electrical power over extended periods of time without the need for dedicated wiring. Energy harvesting provides a potential solution to this problem in many applications. This paper reviews the characteristics and energy requirements of typical sensor network nodes, assesses a range of potential ambient energy sources, and outlines the characteristics of a wide range of energy conversion devices. It then proposes a method to compare these diverse sources and conversion mechanisms in terms of their normalised power density.     

环境能量驱动的无线传感器节点数据传输优化机制

将环境能量收集模块引入无线传感器网络,可以有效改善网络的使用寿命,但是能量的随时补充也给原有的能量管理策略带来了巨大挑战.针对单个环境能量驱动节点在数据序列已经到达的情况下,研究了优化的数据传输策略,采用内罚函数法优化传输过程,使得固定时间内节点传输的数据量最大.理论分析及仿真结果表明,当各个时刻节点的传输功率比较接近时会获得最大的数据传输量;当实际节点获得最大数据传输时节点的传输功率随时间呈增大趋势.     

一种太阳能传感器网络的自适应休眠调度算法

通过从外界获取太阳能,传感器网络节点的能量限制得到缓解。提出一种太阳能传感器网络的自适应休眠调度算法。当观测场景从区域观测到目标跟踪转变时,节点自适应地转换活跃和休眠状态,同时剩余能量低于能量阈值的休眠节点从外界获取太阳能。与不考虑太阳能获取的休眠调度算法相比,提出的算法延长了网络生命周期。     

无线传感器网络节点调度优化分簇算法研究*

节点调度优化分族算法根据网络节点部署的特点,在不影响网络服务质量的情况下,通过冗余节点调度优化分族的方法能有效减少网络中工作节点的数量,从而节约网络平均每一轮的网络能耗.仿真结果表明,与未考虑冗余节点状态调度的算法相比,节点调度优化分簇算法有效提高了网络能量利用率,延长了网络寿命.     

高效节能的WSN非均匀分簇节点调度算法研究

针对目前无线传感器网络分簇算法中存在的节点能量消耗不均衡,大量节点工作导致信息冗余和能量浪费等问题,提出一种高效节能的WSN非均匀分簇节点调度算法EEBUC（Energy-Efficient and Balanced Unequal Clustering Nodes Scheduling）。该算法在簇的形成阶段,考虑候选簇首离汇聚点的距离、所在区域的节点密度和节点能量形成非均匀的竞争范围,构造大小不等的簇,平衡簇内和簇间的通信能耗;同时结合调度簇内冗余节点方法,减少网络中每轮工作节点数量,提高网络能量利用率。利用OMNET++仿真软件进行仿真,实验结果表明,EEBUC算法能有效节约网络能量,均衡节点能耗,比LEACH 协议和EEUC协议分别延长网络寿命203%和50%。     

保持覆盖的无线传感器网络簇内节点调度方法

为了延长无线传感器网络的生命周期,提高节点能量利用效率,将簇与节点调度相结合,提出了保持覆盖的无线传感器网络簇内节点调度。首先将网络分簇,然后每个簇内的节点,按节点号自小到大的顺序依次计算每个节点与簇内邻居节点的距离,并判断所有距离小于监测半径的邻居节点能否对自己实现圆周覆盖,从而判断自己是否是冗余节点。利用Matlab仿真表明,一方面该算法可以有效减少网络的能量消耗,延长网络生命周期;另一方面该算法的调度效率与网络节点密度以及节点监测半径都有密切关系。     

基于感知数据概率模型的无线传感器网络采样和通信调度算法

在无线传感器网络中,如何动态地管理能量,最大限度地延长网络的生命周期是一个关键的问题。文中提出了一种基于感知数据概率模型的传感器网络的采样和通信动态调度算法,使传感器节点根据感知数据的概率模型来确定自己的采样和通信时机,最小化采样频率和通信量,减少传感器节点的能量消耗,延长传感器网络的生命期。该算法是一种分布式算法,适用于无线传感器网络。该算法采用了简单的概率模型,资源需求量小,适合于在目前普遍使用的资源受限的传感器节点上运行。模拟试验结果表明,这种方法与其他方法相比,具有很高的能量有效性。     

Real-time scheduling for hybrid flowshop in ubiquitous manufacturing environment

This paper discusses the implementation of RFID technologies, which enable the shop floor visibility and reduce uncertainties in the real-time scheduling for hybrid flowshop (HFS) production. In the real-time HFS environment, the arriving of new jobs is dynamic, while the processes in work stages are not continuous. The decision makers in shop floor level and stage level have different objectives. Therefore, classical off-line HFS scheduling approaches cannot be used under these situations. In this research, two major measures are taken to deal with these specific real-time features. Firstly, a ubiquitous manufacturing (UM) environment is created by deploying advanced wireless devices into value-adding points for the collection and synchronization of real-time shop floor data. Secondly, a multi-period hierarchical scheduling (MPHS) mechanism is developed to divide the planning time horizon into multiple shorter periods. The shop floor manager and stage managers can hierarchically make decisions for their own objectives. Finally, the proposed MPHS mechanism is illustrated by a numerical case study.     

A routing algorithm based on clusters and balance use of energy for wireless sensor networks

In a sensor network, data collected by different sensors are often correlated because they are observations of related phenomena. Efficient sensor data fusion is one of the most important issues in building real sensor networks. To balance energy cost, how to select a cluster head is a key problem that must be addressed. In this paper, we use a compression-centric data collection algorithm for use in wireless sensor networks. Also, we propose a balanced cluster head selection algorithm in each cluster. Simulation results are used to investigate the performance of the algorithm. Compared to the exhaustive search solutions, the proposed algorithm shows a significant improvement in power consumption.     

基于非理想电池模型能量收集无线传感器网络的链路调度

近年来,为了解决传感器节点能量受限问题,能量收集无线传感器网络成为了研究热点。针对传感器节点中电池存在容量有限、充放电损耗和能量泄漏等不足,提出了非理想电池模型的收集 使用 存储能量存储结构。综合路由、链路调度和能量分配3个方面建立数学模型,通过求解混合整数线性方程的方法得到最短帧长,从而提升网络吞吐量。仿真实验表明,充放电效率从0.6提高至0.9,帧长最多可减少48%;能量泄漏速率从0.04降低至0.01,帧长最多可减少33%;而扩大电池容量对帧长基本无影响。对比收集 存储 使用能量存储结构,帧长最多可减少11%,从而验证了利用所提方法,可以提高充放电效率,降低能量泄漏速率,大幅度提升网络吞吐量。     

A routing algorithm based on clusters and balanced use of energy for wireless sensor networks

In a sensor network,data collected by different sensors are often correlated because they are observations of related phenomena.Efficient sensor data fusion is one of the most important issues in building real sensor networks.To balance energy cost,how to select a cluster head is a key problem that must be addressed.In this paper,we use a compression-centric data collection algorithm for use in wireless sensor networks.Also,we propose a balanced cluster head selection algorithm in each cluster.Simulation re...     

无线传感器网络能量管理研究

传感器节点能量受限的特点使能量管理成为无线传感器网络(WSNs)设计的一个重要内容。对近年来无线传感器能量管理的研究进展进行了讨论和综述,指出了WSNs能量管理面临的问题与挑战。在分类阐述和比较当前具有代表性的各种休眠机制的同时,介绍了动态电压调节、动态功率管理、数据融合等能量管理策略。最后,指出了WSNs能量管理的未来发展方向。     

无线传感器网络中基于网络覆盖的节点睡眠调度机制

在无线传感器网络中,节点睡眠-唤醒调度机制对于延长其生命周期至关重要。在现有的节点睡眠调度机制中,节点能耗是调度机制的唯一考虑目标。然而这种以节省节点能耗为目的调度机制很容易导致传感网络无法完全覆盖监测区域,导致严重后果。本文基于现有调度机制的不足,提出一种考虑到网络覆盖面的节能调度机制。这种机制既能降低网络能耗也能够兼顾到网络的监测覆盖情况。仿真结果表明该机制能在保证较高的网络覆盖面的前提下有效提高网络生命周期。     

Optimizing in-network aggregate queries in wireless sensor networks for energy saving

This study proposes a method of in-network aggregate query processing to reduce the number of messages incurred in a wireless sensor network. When aggregate queries are issued to the resource-constrained wireless sensor network, it is important to efficiently perform these queries. Given a set of multiple aggregate queries, the proposed approach shares intermediate results among queries to reduce the number of messages. When the sink receives multiple queries, it should be propagated these queries to a wireless sensor network via existing routing protocols. The sink could obtain the corresponding topology of queries and views each query as a query tree. With a set of query trees collected at the sink, it is necessary to determine a set of backbones that share intermediate results with other query trees (called non-backbones). First, it is necessary to formulate the objective cost function for backbones and non-backbones. Using this objective cost function, it is possible to derive a reduction graph that reveals possible cases of sharing intermediate results among query trees. Using the reduction graph, this study first proposes a heuristic algorithm BM (standing for Backbone Mapping). This study also develops algorithm OOB (standing for Obtaining Optimal Backbones) that exploits a branch-and-bound strategy to obtain the optimal solution efficiently. This study tests the performance of these algorithms on both synthesis and real datasets. Experimental results show that by sharing the intermediate results, the BM and OOB algorithms significantly reduce the total number of messages incurred by multiple aggregate queries, thereby extending the lifetime of sensor networks.     

Dynamic sensor transmission power scheduling for remote state estimation

In this paper, we consider the problem of sensor transmission power scheduling for remote state estimation. We assume that the sensor has two transmission energy levels, where the high level corresponds to a high packet reception ratio. By exploiting the feedback information from the remote estimator, we aim to find an optimal transmission power schedule. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process, and analytically develop a simple and optimal dynamic schedule which minimizes the average estimation error under the energy constraint. Furthermore, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition under which the remote state estimator is stable. It is shown that the estimation stability only depends on the high-energy packet reception ratio and the spectral radius of the system dynamic matrix.     

CRSN中基于能量收集的MAC协议

基于能量收集的CRSN（EH-CRSN）是一种将能量收集模块引入到CRSN中的新型WSN。这种WSN能够让节点通过协调能量收集和能量消耗进行自我调节,极大延长这种WSN生命周期以及提高系统性能。然而现有基于能量收集的MAC协议研究还不成熟,未能将这种潜能挖掘出来。针对EH-CRSN的MAC协议问题,结合能量收集技术,设计了一种能量有效的管理策略,通过调整节点的频谱感知参与度,以及调整节点的工作周期活跃度,使得每一个节点达到能量均衡使用的效果。同时针对弱势节点设计了低功耗的能量管理策略。数值仿真结果证明所提方案使得低成本的能量收集设备满足了传感器长期运行的需求。     

Real-time transaction scheduling in database systems

A database system supporting a real-time application, which can be called “a real-time database system (RTDBS)”, has to provide real-time information to the executing transactions. Each RTDB transaction is associated with a timing constraint, usually in the form of a deadline. Efficient resource scheduling algorithms and concurrency control protocols are required to schedule the transactions so as to satisfy both timing constraints and data consistency requirements. In this paper,^† we concentrate on the concurrency control problem in RTDBSs. Our work has two basic goals: real-time performance evaluation of existing concurrency control approaches in RTDBSs, and proposing new concurrency control protocols with improved performance. One of the new protocols is locking-based, and it prevents the priority inversion problem^{, †} by scheduling the data lock requests based on prioritizing data items. The second new protocol extends the basic timestamp-ordering method by involving real-time priorities of transactions in the timestamp assignment procedure. Performance of the protocols is evaluated through simulations by using a detailed model of a single-site RTDBS. The relative performance of the protocols is examined as a function of transaction load, data contention (which is determined by a number of system parameters) and resource contention. The protocols are also tested under various real-time transaction processing environments. The performance of the proposed protocols appears to be good, especially under conditions of high transaction load and high data contention.     

Wireless sensor node powered by aircraft specific thermoelectric energy harvesting

An energy autonomous wireless sensor system consisting of an energy harvesting power source, an energy management unit and a low power wireless sensor node is tested for aircraft applications. The autonomous power source combines aircraft specific outside temperature changes with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a heat storage unit. The temperature difference generated with the latter component artificially at the TEG is used to power the sensor node by thermoelectricity. Additionally, a high efficient low input voltage power management circuit is necessary to store the generated energy and to convert it to higher voltage levels needed to operate the sensor. The experimental data are compared with results from numerical simulation models to predict the energy conversion in the heat storage - TEG system. A new TEG prototype is tested and the energy output is improved by 14%. The power management storage capacitors are adapted to the available energy, thereby increasing storage voltage and conversion efficiency. Doing so, the efficiency of the complete system can be increased by around 50%.     

传感器网络中基于跨层调度的数据融合策略

针对现有的协议都不能在获得良好的节能效果和低延迟的同时,使每一个节点进行充分的数据融合的问题,提出一种基于跨层调度的数据融合策略,根据建立的路由树,制订无碰撞的数据发送调度方案并为每一个传感器节点设置合理的等待时间.仿真结果表明此策略节能效果明显、延迟小并且吞吐量大.