挤压膨化温度对棉粕游离棉酚及营养成分的影响

本文研究了不同挤压膨化温度(90、100、110、120和130℃)对棉粕中游离棉酚和营养成分的影响。结果表明棉粕挤压膨化脱酚的最佳温度是120℃,超过这一温度后游离棉酚的降解速率不再随温度的升高而增加。随着挤压膨化温度升高棉粕蛋白氮溶解指数(NSI)迅速降低,棉粕中粗纤维、有效赖氨酸和总赖氨酸的含量也随温度升高而显著降低,但当温度达到120℃时,总氨基酸(AA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)的含量达到最大值。此外,120℃时,棉粕中支链氨基酸(BCAAs)的含量也最高。所以,挤压膨化温度在120℃时,既可以显著降低游离棉酚的含量又可较好的保持棉粕的营养价值。     

棉籽粕脱酚效果影响因素分析

为了降低棉籽粕中游离棉酚含量，通过实验室及生产线跟踪研究了溶剂萃取法脱酚工艺参数、脱酚方法(膨化预处理法、溶剂萃取法)、原料产地和储存时间对棉籽粕脱酚效果的影响。结果表明：工业生产中，在棉坯粉末度25%～28%、棉坯水分含量3.5%～4.5%、甲醇体积分数85%～90%、脱酚温度55℃左右、逆流萃取脱酚料液比(物料质量与新鲜甲醇溶剂体积比) 1∶(0.5～0.6)条件下，棉籽粕脱酚效果较好；溶剂萃取法脱酚效果优于膨化预处理法；对于棉籽原料产地，棉酚的脱除容易程度为北疆>南疆>河北，与棉籽的粗脂肪酸值大小正好相反；棉籽储存时间越长，棉酚越难以脱除。因此，选择新鲜、粗脂肪酸值低的棉籽原料，严格控制溶剂萃取脱酚工艺参数，可以得到更低游离棉酚含量的棉籽粕。     

浅谈棉籽膨化浸出及棉籽粕脱酚生产工艺

主要介绍了棉籽膨化浸出及棉籽粕脱酚生产工艺.棉籽膨化浸出包括棉籽预处理、挤压膨化和浸出3个工艺过程,通过此工艺生产棉籽油具有生产稳定性好、浸出油质量高、粕中残油少、溶耗低等特点,浸出后的棉籽粕再用甲醇萃取其中的棉酚,可以达到脱除棉酚的效果.棉籽粕脱酚后,使用价值得到提高,可作为饲料蛋白广泛应用于奶牛等养殖业中.     

粪肠球菌发酵生棉粕的工艺条件优化

为降低棉粕中游离棉酚含量,对粪肠球菌固态发酵生棉粕降解游离棉酚工艺条件进行了优化。首先对影响粪肠球菌固态发酵棉粕降解游离棉酚的料水比、初始pH、发酵时间、接种量、发酵温度进行单因素研究,确定对结果有较大影响的料水比、初始pH和发酵时间3个因素。然后利用Box-Behnken设计,对其进行优化。结果表明,料水比、初始pH和发酵时间的最佳条件分别是1∶0.53、6.57和3.06d。按照优化的条件发酵棉粕后游离棉酚含量降为231.68 mg/kg,降解率达67.85%。     

高蛋白棉粕的制取工艺设计及实践

阐述了以棉籽为原料,在预榨浸出、一次浸出、膨化浸出、低温脱酚萃取不同生产工艺处理下的关键指标,如游离棉酚含量、能耗、棉粕色泽等。经研究分析,选择膨化浸出生产工艺制取高蛋白棉粕,经过清理、剥壳、仁壳分离、软化、轧胚、调质、膨化、冷却、浸出、蒸脱、研磨、筛分,最后得到蛋白含量高达50%~53%的棉粕。     

棉仁生坯低温压榨和浸出过程中组分含量的变化

为评估一种脱酚棉籽粕新工艺技术的可行性,对工艺过程中各阶段产品的关键成分(粗蛋白质、游离棉酚、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸等)进行了测定。以脱壳棉仁为原料,经低温压榨和己烷浸出制得脱脂粕,再经甲醇浸出制得脱酚棉籽粕。结果表明,脱酚棉籽粕保留了大部分赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,而粗蛋白质和游离棉酚含量分别为50.15%和0.008 2%;棉仁低温压榨结合己烷及甲醇浸出工艺是一种很有前景的优质脱酚棉籽粕生产技术。     

脱酚处理对棉籽粕蛋白质消化性的影响研究

为明确脱酚处理对棉籽粕消化性的影响,采用甲醇脱酚处理获得不同游离棉酚含量的棉籽粕,比较了各棉籽粕的蛋白质体外消化性,并进一步以豆粕为对照,比较了市售高温脱酚棉籽粕、市售甲醇脱酚棉籽粕和自制脱酚棉籽粕的蛋白质体内外消化性差异,确定游离棉酚的含量与棉籽粕蛋白质消化性的平衡关系,明确脱酚处理对棉籽粕消化性的影响。结果表明：将高温棉籽粕进行甲醇处理可有效降低其游离棉酚含量(从大于1 000 mg/kg降至500 mg/kg以下),并提高其消化率(从70%升至80%),但并不是游离棉酚含量越低其蛋白质消化性最高。当自制脱酚棉籽粕的游离棉酚含量在689 mg/kg时,其体内外消化率均可达90%以上,而市售甲醇棉籽粕的游离棉酚仅为364 mg/kg,但体内外消化率为82.2%～85.4%。这说明适度的脱酚处理在降低游离棉酚的同时,也有利于蛋白质消化率的提升。由此建议企业在实际的生产中,适度进行脱酚处理(约600～800 mg/kg),既可以有效保障产品的安全性,更可以提升蛋白质的消化性。     

棉籽饼粕化学脱毒作饲料蛋白质（1）

报告了采用新型棉粕脱棉酚化学添加剂，使棉酚处于双烯酮异构体之状态中，在温度M＜105℃，时间＜30min，添加剂量为6.5％～7.5％的条件下，将粕中游离棉酚降至＜0.040％。全（总）棉酚＜10％，蛋白质保证≥40％，达到国内外公定的饲料标准。商业化生产不改变现有制油工艺，经饲养肉鸡试验表明，脱酚粕有益于饲料的转化，降低了棉酚在鸡的肝脏、肌肉和血清中的残留量，减少了棉酚对肝脏、睾丸的损伤，为棉粕脱棉酚作饲料蛋白质提出了新的有效方法和技术。     

棉酚降解酵母的筛选及其在棉粕发酵中的应用

棉粕中存在的游离棉酚是限制其作为优质蛋白饲料应用的主要因素。采用含有0.3%游离棉酚的液体培养基来富集并分离获得酵母,通过考察酵母在以棉酚为唯一碳源培养基上的生长情况以及在棉粕固态发酵中棉酚的降解情况,获得了一株高效降解棉酚的产朊假丝酵母TM-2。棉粕经产朊假丝酵母TM-2发酵后,游离棉酚含量从578 mg/kg降低至128 mg/kg,粗蛋白含量从46.5%提高到53.3%,酸溶蛋白含量从4.4%提高至12.4%,抗营养因子棉籽糖含量从8.9%降低至0.8%,表明产朊假丝酵母TM-2显著改善棉粕的饲用品质。     

响应面优化单溶剂体系棉酚提取工艺研究

为了降低棉粕的毒性及最大限度地提取棉酚,以棉仁为原料,以甲醇为溶剂,采用溶剂浸出法对棉仁中游离棉酚的提取工艺进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法对工艺条件进行优化。结果显示各因素影响游离棉酚提取率的主次顺序为:提取时间料液比提取温度搅拌速率;得到的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶24,提取温度35℃,提取时间42 min,搅拌速率2 600 r/min,提取次数2次(即先以料液比1∶12提取,提取21 min,再以料液比1∶12提取,提取21min);在最佳工艺条件下,游离棉酚的提取率为68.9%±0.81%,其纯度为81.9%±0.85%。此时,棉粕中游离棉酚残留量为839.7 mg/kg,小于饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2001)中所规定的棉籽饼、粕中允许的游离棉酚最大残留量1 200 mg/kg。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the