一种分布式实时数据库提交协议

传统的事务提交协议不适合实时环境的需要，并且文献中现有的几个实时提交协议限制了实时事务执行的并发度，影响了实时事务的定时限制，该文针对分布式实时数据库系统的提交处理提供了2SC协议，它增加了事务执行的并发度且有助于事务截止期的满足，文中首先提出了一个分布式实时事务经历模型，着重讨论了事务因为冲突操作而引起的提交依赖和夭折依赖，然后给出了2SC（双空间提交）协议规则，根据该协议分布式实时事务的提交处理在两个空间中完成：结点的局部事务空间和系统的全局事务空间，在局部事务空间中，当处于准备状态的参与者夭折时，仅仅夭折其夭折依赖集中的事务而不会夭折其提交依赖集中的事务；在适当的条件下，处于准备状态的参与者允许其它事务访问其锁住的数据，在全局事务空间中，参与者能够在进入准备之前主动夭折，即当一个事务在进入准备状态之前就超过了截止期，其协调者和所有的参与者都将“寂寞死”，接着该文证明了2SC协议的正确性，即确保分布式事务提交的原子性，同时分析了该协议固有的优点比如提高事务执行的并发度和减缓事务的串联夭折等，并且2SC协议能够和现有的并发控制协议有机地结合在一起，确保分布式实时事务可串行化和提交的原子性，最后通过一个模拟实验证实了2SC协议的性能比较优越。     

分布式实时事务提交协议

在分布式实时数据库系统中，保证事务原子性的唯一途径是研究和开发出一个实时的原子提交协议．首先详细分析了事务因数据访问冲突而形成的各种依赖关系，在此基础上提出了实时的原子乐观提交协议——2SC协议，该协议减少了事务的等待时间，提高了事务的并发度，且能无缝地和现有的并发控制协议集成在一起，保证事务的可串行化和原子性．通过模拟实验研究表明，采用该协议能够减少超过截止期的事务数目。     

分布式实时事务的原子提交

分布式实时数据库系统中，事务除具有传统数据库事务的ACID特性外，还具有定时限制（如截止期等）。传统提交协议及已研究出的实时提交协议都不保证分布式实时事务的原子性，结合实时事务截止期要求，描述了分布式实时事务的原子提前及其正确性准则，给出了适合于固（或软）实时事务的原子提前协议RTACP及其处理过程并证明了其正确性，还对RTACP进行了性能比较和评价，表明其分别在不同方面更优越。     

一种改进的分布式实时事务调度协议

分布式实时事务调度协议用于实现事务间读写的并发控制,以满足事务的一致性与隔离性要求.本文改进了动态调整时间间隔的乐观并发控制协议,提出了一种分布式实时事务调度协议DOCC-DATI,协议分为读阶段、等待阶段、准备阶段和提交阶段.协议在读阶段和等待阶段利用事务的优先级信息,动态调整事务的串行化顺序,使高优先级事务优先进入验证阶段,并通过阻塞机制避免部分低优先级事务的不必要重启.由于分布式环境下处于准备阶段的数据不可访问,这将增加事务的阻塞时间,因此本文允许处于准备阶段的事务借出数据给低优先事务.为避免传统的两阶段提交协议中由单点故障而导致的实时事务阻塞,本文通过Paxos一致性算法提交分布式实时事务.提议的方法在一个模拟的分布式实时数据库环境中得以应用,显示出了优良的结果.     

移动分布式实时事务实时原子提交

形式地给出了移动分布式实时事务实时原子提交协议的定义,在此基础上提出了适合于移动分布式实时事务的实时原子提交协议：一阶段实时原子提交协议(1PRACP)。1PRACP通过参与者与协调者的一次消息交换,在一个阶段完成移动分布式实时事务提交活动;结合超时恢复处理协议,1PRACP能避免由于站点故障或网络通信链路故障而导致的阻塞。对1PRACP进行了性能比较和评测,显示了它在各方面的优越性。     

移动实时嵌套事务的并发控制

在移动计算环境中，事务移动性和无线网络固有的缺陷使得传统分布式实时事务管理机制不足以支持移动实时事务的执行，故有必要为移动实时事务研究新的事务处理机制以提高其成功率．该文着重研究移动实时事务的并发控制机制．首先，该文给出了一个考虑事务定时限制以及移动性的嵌套事务模型．然后，为减少移动分布式环境中解决数据冲突的开销，该文研究了一种结合优先级夭折和优先级继承的基于封锁的并发控制协议PAI-2PL．当高优先级事务被低优先级事务阻塞时，对于相同家族事务，采用优先级继承方法解决冲突；而对于不同家族事务，则夭折重启低优先级事务．另外，为减少由于断接所引起的无效阻塞，PAI-2PL允许低优先级事务夭折处于断接状态的高优先级事务．通过性能测试，表明所提出的事务模型及并发控制机制能提高实时事务的成功率．     

分布式实时数据库并发控制

在集中式实时数据库中，事务并发控制一般采用基于优先级的事务重启或优先级继承．在分布式实时数据库中，由于一个主事务的各参与事务可能分布在多个节点上，事务重启一方面会造成系统资源的极大浪费，另一方面又会加大网络传输的负担．而在优先级继承策略中，被阻塞的高优先级事务的执行完全依赖于阻塞它的低优先级事务，在分布式环境中，事务的执行具有更多的不可确定的因素，这就很难保证被阻塞事务的截止期．本文提出了一种基于数据多映像的并发控制协议，事务因访问数据而形成不同的依赖关系，改变高优先级事务和低优先级事务的依赖关系从而更有利于高优先级事务而又不矢折或阻塞其他事务，从而大大提高事务执行的并发度，更好地满足实时事务的截止期．     

移动实时提交协议的恢复处理与通信分析

三层实时提交协议(3LRTC)是为支持事务移动性、断接性、实时性及功能替代性等设计的一种移动实时提交协议,该协议能保证移动分布式实时事务放松原子性和结构正确性。该文在分析移动实时事务各参与者提交状态变化的基础上,讨论了3LRTC在发生场地故障和断接时的恢复处理方式,以保证故障发生后数据库能恢复到一个正确的状态。该文还对3LRTC的通信代价进行了分析与比较,结果表明,三层提交结构能减少移动实时事务的通信消息数。     

基于资源预报的两级并发控制

本文提出了一种新的基于资源预报的并发控制机制，该机制充分考虑了实时事务的功能替代性，将并发控制分为替代级控制和事务级控制，允许多个替代并发执行。每个替代代表一条执行路径，只要其中一个替代成功则该实时事务可以提交；一个替代夭折，不表示该事务夭折，甚至并发执行的所有替代夭折，也不一定表示该实时事务夭折，该事务有可能会从另外的替代重启，这就大大提高了实时事务的成功率，降低了由于硬实时事务超过截止期对系统带来损失的可能性。     

移动分布式实时嵌套事务提交

在移动分布式计算环境中,事务移动性和无线网络固有的缺陷使得传统的分布式实时事务管理机制不足以支持移动分布式实时事务的执行,故有必要为移动实时事务研究新的事务处理机制,以提高其成功率.着重研究移动实时事务的提交机制.首先,通过分析移动分布环境中实时事务的特点给出了一个基于功能替代的移动实时嵌套事务模型.然后,提出了一个基于此模型的三层提交结构以及能够保证移动实时事务原子性和结构正确性的三阶段实时提交协议3PRTC(three-phase real-time commit).性能测试表明,所提出的事务模型及其提交机制能够提高实时事务的成功率.     

A Commit Strategy for Distributed Real-Time Transaction

Ramamritham gives three common types of constraints for the execution his-tory of concurrent transactions. This paper extends the constraints and gives the fourth type of constraint. Then the weak commit dependency and abort dependency between transactions, be-cause of data access conflicts, axe analyzed. Based on the analysis, an optimistic commit protocol 2LC (two-Level Commit) is proposed, which is specially designed for the distributed real-time do-main. It allows transactions to optimistically access the locked data in a controlled manner, which reduces the data inaccessibility and priority inversion inherent and undesirable in distributed real-time database systems. Furthermore, if the prepared transaction is aborted, the transactions in its weak commit dependency set will execute as normal according to 2LC. Extensive simulation ex-periments have been performed to compare the performance of 2LC with that of the base protocol,the permits reading of modified prepared-data for timeliness (PROMPT) and the deadline-driven conflict resolution (DDCR). The simulation results show that 2LC is effective in reducing the num-ber of missed transaction deadlines. Furthermore, it is easy to be incorporated with the existing concurrency control protocols.     

A hybrid distributed optimistic concurrency control method for high-performance real-time transaction processing

The conventional lock scheme tends to suffer from a cascade of blockings,while the optimistic concurrency control(OCC) scheme may suffer from wasting resources.To overcome these problems,some researchers have proposed a combination of OCC and lock in transaction processing.Using this method,Thomasian proposed the hybrid method for conventional distributed transaction processing,and Lam proposed the DOCC-DA protocol for distributed realtime databased system based on forward validation.This paper proposes a new protocol,called Hybrid Distributed Optimistic Concurrency COntrol Embedded in two-Phase Commit,which is based on back validation.The new protocol makes use of access invariance and runtime inforbased on back validation.The new protocol makes use of access invariance and runtime infor mation which can guarantee a rerun transaction to meet its deadline and abort the fruitless run transactions as early as possible.A series of simulation experiments have been done to investigate the performance of the new protocol.The results show that its performance is consitently better than that of other protocols.     

SWIFT—A new real time commit protocol

Although there are several factors contributing to the difficulty in meeting distributed real time transaction deadlines, data conflicts among transactions, especially in commitment phase, are the prime factor resulting in system performance degradation. Therefore, design of an efficient commit protocol is of great significance for distributed real time database systems (DRTDBS). Most of the existing commit protocols try to improve system performance by allowing a committing cohort to lend its data to an executing cohort, thus reducing data inaccessibility. These protocols block the borrower when it tries to send WORKDONE/PREPARED message [1, 6, 8, 9], thus increasing the transactions commit time. This paper first analyzes all kind of dependencies that may arise due to data access conflicts among executing-committing transactions when a committing cohort is allowed to lend its data to an executing cohort. It then proposes a static two-phase locking and high priority based, write-update type, ideal for fast and timeliness commit protocol i.e. SWIFT. In SWIFT, the execution phase of a cohort is divided into two parts, locking phase and processing phase and then, in place of WORKDONE message, WORKSTARTED message is sent just before the start of processing phase of the cohort. Further, the borrower is allowed to send WORKSTARTED message, if it is only commit dependent on other cohorts instead of being blocked as opposed to [1, 6, 8, 9]. This reduces the time needed for commit processing and is free from cascaded aborts. To ensure non-violation of ACID properties, checking of completion of processing and the removal of dependency of cohort are required before sending the YES-VOTE message. Simulation results show that SWIFT improves the system performance in comparison to earlier protocol. The performance of SWIFT is also analyzed for partial read-only optimization, which minimizes intersite message traffic, execute-commit conflicts and log writes consequently resulting in a better response time. The impact of permitting the cohorts of the same transaction to communicate with each other [5] on SWIFT has also been analyzed. Recommended by: Ahmed Elmagarmid     

移动分布式数据库中的实时事务处理

提出了移动事务实时提交协议(MTRTC)和多版本乐观并发控制协议(MVOCC)处理移动分布式实时事务。MVOCC有效性检查分为局部有效性检查和全局有效性检查,采用动态调整串行次序,避免了不必要的事务重启动,改善了只读事务的响应时间。MTRTC是一个实时提交协议,减少了通信信息。实验结果表明结合MVOCC和MTRTC事务处理协议优于其它事务处理协议。     

Speculative locking protocols to improve performance for distributed database systems

We have proposed speculative locking (SL) protocols to improve the performance of distributed database systems (DDBSs) by trading extra processing resources. In SL, a transaction releases the lock on the data object whenever it produces corresponding after-image during its execution. By accessing both before and after-images, the waiting transaction carries out speculative executions and retains one execution based on the termination (commit or abort) mode of the preceding transactions. By carrying out multiple executions for a transaction, SL increases parallelism without violating serializability criteria. Under the naive version of SL, the number of speculative executions of the transaction explodes with data contention. By exploiting the fact that a submitted transaction is more likely to commit than abort, we propose the SL variants that process transactions efficiently by significantly reducing the number of speculative executions. The simulation results indicate that even with manageable extra resources, these variants significantly improve the performance over two-phase locking in the DDBS environments where transactions spend longer time for processing and transaction-aborts occur frequently.     

The PROMPT real-time commit protocol

We investigate the performance implications of providing transaction atomicity for firm-deadline real-time applications, operating on distributed data. Using a detailed simulation model, the real-time performance of a representative set of classical transaction commit protocols is evaluated. The experimental results show that data distribution has a significant influence on real-time performance and that the choice of commit protocol clearly affects the magnitude of this influence. We also propose and evaluate a new commit protocol, PROMPT (Permits Reading Of Modified Prepared-data for Timeliness), that is specifically designed for the real-time domain. PROMPT allows transactions to “optimistically” borrow, in a controlled manner, the updated data of transactions currently in their commit phase. This controlled borrowing reduces the data inaccessibility and the priority inversion that is inherent in distributed real-time commit processing. A simulation-based evaluation shows PROMPT to be highly successful, as compared to the classical commit protocols, in minimizing the number of missed transaction deadlines. In fact, its performance is close to the best on-line performance that could be achieved using the optimistic lending approach. Further, it is easy to implement and incorporate in current database system software. Finally, PROMPT is compared against an alternative priority inheritance-based approach to addressing priority inversion during commit processing. The results indicate that priority inheritance does not provide tangible performance benefits     

Reducing Transaction Processing Latency in Hardware Transactional Memory-based Database with Non-volatile Memory

The emergency of Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) has greatly boosted the transaction processing performance in in-memory databases. However, the group commit protocol, aiming at reducing the impact from slow storage devices, leads to high transaction commit latency. Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) opens opportunities for reducing transaction commit latency. However, HTM cannot cooperate with NVM together: flushing data to NVM will always cause HTM to abort. In this paper, we propose a technique called parity version to decouple the process of HTM execution and NVM write. Thus, the transactions can correctly and efficiently use NVM to reduce their commit latency with HTM. We have integrated this technique into DBX, a state-of-the-art HTM-based database, and propose DBXN: a low-latency and high-throughput in-memory transaction processing system. Evaluations using typical OLTP workloads including TPC-C show that it has 99% lower latency and 2.1 times higher throughput than DBX.