一种超宽带脉冲信号发生器的设计

介绍一种利用并联阶跃恢复二极管(SRD)产生超宽带窄脉冲信号的微带结构电路,该电路可产生宽度为1ns、重复周期为100MHz的窄脉冲信号,其峰值电压达10.44V。文章分析讨论了电路原理与设计方法,并重点研究了偏置电路与匹配电路的设计问题。测量结果显示该电路所产生的脉冲信号具有良好的波形,并且脉冲拖尾的振荡起伏很小,是一种适合于超宽带通信系统的窄脉冲信号形成电路。     

Accurate analysis of TEM horn antennas for pulse radiation

In the past, various approximate theoretical models have been used to analyze TEM horn antennas. Because of the limitations of these approximate models, there has been, to date, only qualitative agreement of measurements for TEM horn antennas with the predictions of the theories. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to accurately analyze TEM horn antennas for pulse radiation. First, the metallic triangular-plate TEM horn antenna is considered. Computed results for the reflected voltage in the feeding transmission line and the time-varying radiated electric field are shown to be in very good agreement with new experimental measurements. Graphs of the electric field in the space surrounding the antenna (magnitude of field plotted on a color scale) are used to give a physical insight into the process of radiation. Next, the method is used to analyze two TEM horns that were previously designed for pulse radiation. The geometry and electrical properties of these antennas are more complicated than for the metallic, triangular-plate horn. One has shaped metallic plates with a resistive termination at the open end; the other has plates whose resistance varies continuously along their length. The computed results for these antennas are compared with previously made experimental measurements     

太赫兹波在介质中传播的FDTD分析

时域有限差分法是电磁场领域中应用最为频繁的数值方法之一,它可以有效地处理复杂媒质中颗粒对电磁脉冲信号的散射问题,以及超宽带电磁脉冲信号在色散媒质中的传播问题。几乎所有介质,无论其在太赫兹（THz）波段是否有吸收峰,对太赫兹波的传播都有影响。研究太赫兹波在介质中的传播情况,对优化太赫兹系统,分析与设计太赫兹应用技术有重要意义。本文模拟了太赫兹波在散射介质中的传播,说明了太赫兹波在内弹道干涉测速应用中的可能性;模拟了太赫兹脉冲在色散介质中的传播情况,为太赫兹时域光谱系统中晶体选择提供依据。     

超宽带穿墙雷达取样脉冲产生器设计

在超宽带穿墙雷达接收机系统中,其关键的等效采样技术需要一种极窄脉宽高电压的脉冲触发采样门电路来对接收信号进行采样。介绍了超宽带取样脉冲产生技术,讨论并分析了几种常用超宽带脉冲产生方法的特点及其局限性。提出了新型的肖特基二极管脉冲整形网络,设计并实现了应用于等效采样接收机系统的新型亚纳秒取样脉冲产生器,很好地结合了雪崩晶体管与脉冲整形网络的优势,在显著减小脉宽的同时保持了较高的脉冲幅度。通过仿真分析和制作测试,获得了脉冲底宽为400 ps、幅度为6.46 V和波动水平为-14.7 dB的单极性窄脉冲,实测结果与设计数值一致性良好。这种简单高效廉价的电路十分符合超宽带穿墙雷达等效采样接收机取样脉冲的设计。     

Finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of optical pulse responses in biological tissues for spectroscopic diffused optical tomography

Finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis has been successfully formulated for solving diffusion equation in biological tissues. Time-dependent diffusion equations are approximated by FDTD equations by assigning diffuse photon fluence rates and radiant flux defined in the diffusion equations to Yee meshes. At the boundary between scattering and no scattering material, FDTD equation including only fluence rate has been derived, which make it possible to calculate the fluence rate at the boundary. The formulation is useful to solve diffusion equations by iterative algebraic calculations in scattering media with inhomogeneous optical properties. The conditions to give stabilities for numerical solutions have been become clear in terms of scattering coefficients and mean cosine of scattering angles. Using the formulation, the reflectance of three-layered slabs containing a clear layer have been calculated. As a result, it has been found that absorption loss changes of the highly scattering medium beyond the clear layer are estimated from the time profiles of the reflectance.     

Conformal mapping analysis of a modified TEM cell

A modification procedure in which the inner conductor of the usual TEM cell is symmetrically finned with a pair of small vertical plates is proposed to obtain a more suitable uniform field. In such modified TEM cells, a fairly uniform field can be established just above the inner surface of the rectangular-shaped shield instead of in the central portion of the separation between the septum and the shield, and this uniform field can be used for EMC measurements without dielectric equipment support or on a ground screen. The usefulness of the proposed modification is illustrated by the conformal mapping analysis of a special modified TEM cell. A similar modification can also be made in a general TEM cell and GTEM cell for the aforementioned uses. Conclusions and discussions are given, and further work is suggested     

FDTD simulations of TEM horns and the implications for staircasedrepresentations

Two-dimensional (2-D) TEM horns are modeled using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The boundary walls are perfect electric conductors and one wall, which does not align with the Cartesian grid, is approximated using a staircased representation. By carefully comparing the FDTD results to those of the analytic solution, one can make conclusions about the coarseness with which a boundary can be represented. It is found that staircasing errors are small when the staircase diagonal (the hypotenuse of the right triangle created by the stairstep) is smaller than half a wavelength at the highest significant frequency in the excitation. This rule-of-thumb is put forward as a necessary condition for the discretization of general problems. Results are also provided for some simple FDTD schemes that are designed to reduce staircasing errors. By using large aspect-ratio cells, a grid can be constructed that satisfies the rule-of-thumb given above. While this approach eliminates general staircasing errors, some errors persist owing to the presence of step discontinuities immediately adjacent to the horn feed. These errors can be further reduced by using a cell-splitting approach. It is shown that the contour path FDTD technique can be used to eliminate nearly all staircasing errors, while some additional improvement is shown to be provided by using a stabilized contour path FDTD approach. Finally, a recently proposed conformal technique that permits simple implementation is shown to provide results comparable with those of the stabilized contour path approach     

基于国产芯片的千兆皮秒脉冲激光器模块研制

皮秒脉冲光源是量子密钥分配系统核心器件。为了实现皮秒脉冲光源的国产化,基于国产芯片研制了一种千兆皮秒脉冲激光器模块。该模块采用比例-积分-微分算法控制温度,使光波长漂移在0.01nm以内,使用外部光电二极管探测光功率,反馈调整激光管驱动电流,进行了实验验证。结果表明,利用国产单片机精确控制恒流源和窄脉冲电路驱动激光管发光,输出光脉冲频率达到1.25GHz,脉冲宽度约为50ps,光功率为-3dB对应的谱宽小于0.2nm,输出光波长和功率稳定。此研制的国产化皮秒脉冲激光器模块可满足量子密钥分配系统对光源稳定性的要求。     

FDTD calculation of transient pulse propagation through a nonlinearmagnetic sheet

The application of the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method to propagation through a highly conductive nonlinear magnetic material is described. The FDTD calculations will require changing the permeability of the material at each time step based on the value of the magnetic field at the previous time step. The effects of the high conductivity and magnetic material nonlinearity on the stability of the FDTD calculation is investigated. Stability requires reduction of the time-step size to well below the Courant limit. Accuracy is demonstrated by comparison with previously published results     

三维TEM喇叭天线瞬态辐射的FDTD模拟

本文应用FDTD方法分析放置于无限大理想导体地面上并由同轴线馈电的TEM喇叭天线瞬态辐射问题。对FDTD计算区域中的细导线结构采用网格共形技术进行了特殊处理,同时引入一维传输线模型模拟同轴线馈电以大大减少FDTD的计算空间,并实现了天线与同轴线相互耦合的FDTD方法。数值结果表明本文方法处理瞬态天线辐射问题的有效性。     

薄膜材料透射电镜截面样品的简单制备方法

针对薄膜材料透射电镜截面样品制备过程复杂、制样成功率低的问题,本文详细介绍了一种操作简单、实用性强的制备方法,采用该方法可以成功制备出脆性衬底上薄膜材料的TEM截面样品。     

Microwave-based biosensor for on-chip biological cell analysis

This paper presents an innovative biosensing technique, based on the interaction between biomaterial and microwave electromagnetic (EM) waves, which probes the bio-parameters of investigated biological samples. Thanks to the microtechnologies, this approach is able to sense biomaterials down to living cells size without invasivity. The broadband dielectric spectroscopy of living cells suspensions is therefore demonstrated, sketching a rich EM signature, “rich” in terms of biological information’s such as cells’ proliferation and cells’ viability. Capacitive contrasts of 4 and 12 % between the cells suspension and their pure medium are measured at 20 and 40 GHz respectively, which demonstrate the ability of such a technique to detect (and quantify) living cells non-invasively. Moreover, we demonstrate a capacitive contrast of 5 % at 30 GHz between living and dead cells. Such a result is based on the ability of the microwaves to penetrate into the cells and sense their intracellular content, and then to carry viability information’s of biomaterials out. Finally, we present the feasibility of on-chip microwave signals processing, which points out that integrated circuit for data processing can be integrated together with a nano-liter range microfluidic bio-sample manipulation and a microwave-based biosensor. Such a work consequently permits to envision promising Lab-on-Chip applications such as cells’ drug screening for personalized medicine notably.     

一种小型平面超宽带天线的设计与研究

提出了一种新颖的小型平面超宽带(UWB)天线.该天线由微带槽天线的基本结构变形而来,为获得超宽带频率特性,设计时馈电微带线采用了渐变结构的叉形调谐支节,金属底板的开槽设计成对称多边形.首先通过数值计算来获得最佳的天线几何尺寸,并制作了实际的样品.对天线的反射特性、方向图以及增益都进行了测试,然后利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算了天线收发脉冲信号的保真度.研究结果显示该天线具有良好的超宽带特性.     

Error performance of a pulse amplitude and position modulated ultra-wideband system over lognormal fading channels

In this paper, the error performance of an ultra-wideband (UWB) system with a hybrid pulse amplitude and position modulation (PAPM) scheme over indoor lognormal fading channels is analyzed. In the PAPM UWB system, input data is modulated onto both the pulse amplitudes and pulse positions. The receiver employs a RAKE to combine energy contained in the resolvable multipath components. Derivation of closed-form error rate expressions of the system in lognormal fading channels is based on approximating a sum of independent lognormal random variables (RV) as another lognormal RV using the Wilkinson method. Given the same delay spread of the channel, the proposed PAPM scheme can provide a higher throughput than the binary pulse amplitude or pulse position modulation scheme.     

FDTD analysis of a metal-strip-loaded dielectric leaky-wave antenna

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to analyze a dielectric leaky-wave antenna comprising metal strips etched on a rectangular dielectric rod. The radiation patterns of the leaky-wave antenna with and without the transition are determined by using FDTD. The effects of the launching discontinuity on the performance of the antenna are discussed. In addition, the application of the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique to the three-dimensional (3-D) dielectric waveguide and its performance, compared to those of the Mur's (1981) first-order and super-absorbing Mur's first-order absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are described. In addition, the effects caused by perturbation on the wave propagation characteristics of dielectric waveguide are also discussed. The FDTD results are verified by a W-band experiment and found to be in good agreement     

Development of a high temperature-atmospheric pressure environmental cell for high-resolution TEM

An environmental cell for high-temperature, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy of nanomaterials in near atmospheric pressures is developed. The developed environmental cell is a side-entry type with built-in specimen-heating element and micropressure gauge. The relationship between the cell condition and the quality of the transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image and the diffraction pattern was examined experimentally and theoretically. By using the cell consisting of two electron-transparent silicon nitride thin films as the window material, the gas pressure inside the environmental cell is continuously controlled from 10(-5)?Pa to the atmospheric pressure in a high-vacuum TEM specimen chamber. TEM image resolutions of 0.23 and 0.31?nm were obtained using 15-nm-thick silicon nitride film windows with the pressure inside the cell being around 5?×?10(-5) and 1?×?10(4)?Pa, respectively.     

一种小型化宽带螺旋天线的数值分析与实验

提出了一种始端为等角螺旋线、终端为阿基米德螺旋线的复合式小型化螺旋天线,改善了等角螺旋天线的低频特性,克服了阿基米德螺旋天线臂长带来的传输损耗大、效率低的缺点;并设计了一种适合单向辐射的微带线--平行双线宽频带巴伦.计算与测试结果表明:该天线的低频端阻抗特性优于相同尺寸的等角螺旋天线和阿基米德螺旋线天线,具有较好的方向图特性和圆极化特性.     

FDTD analysis of E-sectoral horn antennas for broad-bandapplications

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to study the performance of E-plane sectoral horn antennas designed for broad-band applications. These antennas (proposed for 6-18 GHz phased arrays) have a large bandwidth, and they are easily array integrated. These antennas have a highly complicated geometry that is modeled using a polygonal approximation in the curved boundaries. Perfect matched layers (PMLs) combined with first-order absorbing boundaries are employed to simulate the free-space environment in the FDTD mesh     

SOI材料微结构的TEM分析

SOI晶圆材料正在成为制备IC芯片的主要原材料.SOI材料的质量很大程度上取决于顶层硅及埋层的结构.利用TEM,系统地研究了3种实验条件下的SOI材料的微结构,对其顶层硅及埋层的厚度、厚度的均匀性进行了定量分析,对高剂量SIMOX样品中存在的硅岛密度进行了估算,并对顶层硅中的结构缺陷进行了观察分析.