Evaluation of the introduction of a micro‐cogeneration system into residential houses based on monitored daily‐basis energy demand data

In order to reduce CO₂ emission from residential sectors in Japan, PEFC with high efficiency and low environmental impact is expected as one of the promising micro‐cogeneration (µCGS) systems. However, the energy demands in houses largely differ from each other and the profiles are also changed every day. Thus, when µCGS is actually introduced, it is necessary to examine the equipment capacity and operation of µCGS in each house. In this paper, the optimization model is developed in order to evaluate the µCGS based on daily‐basis demand data. Using actually monitored energy demand data in four households, the differences between using daily‐basis data and using the monthly‐average data are evaluated from viewpoints of economic and environmental performance of µCGS systems. Moreover, by adding the penalty factor to disposal heat of µCGS, it is seen that system configuration and system operation of µCGS can attain CO₂ reduction and energy conservation as well as cost reduction. ©2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(4): 20–30, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20653     

Proposal and Evaluation of a New‐Type Cogeneration System for Energy Saving and CO2 Emission Reduction

The paper proposes a cogeneration system which generates four types of energy or material resources: electricity, steam, hot water, and freshwater. The proposed system can capture CO₂, and be constructed on the basis of a combined cycle power generation system which consists of a gas turbine and a back‐pressure extraction turbine. In the proposed system, power is produced by driving the gas turbine system. High‐pressure saturated steam with medium temperature is produced in the heat recovery steam generator by using gas turbine exhaust gas, and then superheated with a regenerative superheater in which the fuel is burned by using oxygen instead of air for driving the steam turbine generator. Water and CO₂ are recovered from the flue gas of the regenerative superheater. It has been estimated that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 41.2%, a heat generation efficiency of 41.5%, and a total efficiency of 82.7%. Freshwater of 1.34 t/h and CO₂ of 1.76 t/h can be recovered. It has also been shown, when a case study was set and evaluated, that the proposed system can save 31.3% of energy compared with the conventional energy supply system, and reduce CO₂ emission by 28.2% compared with the conventional cogeneration system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Influence of system operation method on CO2 emissions of PV/solar heat/cogeneration system

A PV/solar heat/cogeneration system is assumed to be installed in a hotel. The system is operated with various operation methods: CO₂ minimum operation, fees minimum operation, seasonal operation, daytime operation, and heat demand following operation. Of these five operations, the former two are virtual operations that are operated with the dynamic programming method, and the latter three are actual operations. Computer simulation is implemented using hourly data of solar radiation intensity, atmospheric temperature, electric, cooling, heating, and hot water supply demands for one year, and the life‐cycle CO₂ emission and the total cost are calculated for every operation. The calculation results show that the two virtual and the three actual operations reduce the life‐cycle CO₂ emission by 21% and 13% compared with the conventional system, respectively. In regard to both the CO₂ emission and the cost, there is no significant difference between the two virtual operation methods or among the three actual operation methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 54–63, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20414     

An energy trading system with consideration of CO2 emissions

Abatement of CO₂ emission is one of the most important issues in the 21st century regarding preservation of the earth environment. This paper addresses a utility operations planning problem for distributed energy management systems (DEMSs), where we are to obtain optimal plans that minimize both costs and CO₂ emissions. A DEMS consists of multiple entities that seek their own economic profits. In this paper, we give a mathematical formulation of the utility operations planning problem for each entity, and propose an energy trading market, which utlizes a multi‐attribute auction protocol in order to deal with both a price and a CO₂ emission rate. Experimental results show that collaboration among entities through the market provides a more profitable plan for each entity and abatement of CO₂ emission is also achieved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(4): 54–63, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley. com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20418     

A study on collaborative operation method for a new energy type dispersed power supply system by AC‐EMAP model

Application of a dispersed power supply system consisting of a large‐scale photovoltaic system (PV), a fuel cell (FC), and an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) is studied in this paper. This system is operated in autonomous mode, taking account of time delay characteristics of FC. The modified Euler type Moving Average Prediction (EMAP) model is improved using short‐time fast Fourier transform (ST‐FFT). The Adaptive Control type EMAP (AC‐EMAP) model is introduced to reduce the capacity of EDLC. This system can meet the multi‐quality electric power requirements of customers, and improve voltage stability and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) function as well. Moreover, the required capacity of EDLC to compensate the fluctuation of both PV output and Load demand is clarified by a simulation based on collaborative operation method by a prediction model using software MATLAB/Simulink. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(1): 13–24, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20262     

Characteristics evaluation of a CO2‐capturing power generation system with reheat cycle utilizing regenerative oxygen‐combustion steam‐superheater

A new CO₂‐capturing power generation system is proposed that can be easily realized by applying conventional technologies. In the proposed system, the temperature of medium‐pressure steam in a thermal power plant is raised by utilizing an oxygen‐combusting regenerative steam‐superheater. The CO₂ generated by combusting the fuel in the superheater can be easily separated and captured from the exhaust gas at the condenser outlet, and is liquefied. The superheated steam is used to drive a steam turbine power generation system. Using a high‐efficiency combined cycle power generation system as an example, it is shown that the proposed system can increase the power output by 10.8%, and decrease the CO₂ emissions of the entire integrated system by 18.6% with a power generation efficiency drop of 2.36% compared with the original power plant without CO₂ capture, when the superheated steam temperature is 750 ^°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(1): 35–41, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20575     

Optimal operation of cogeneration system coordinated by aggregator for providing the demand and supply regulation capacity

Recent growth of renewable energy generations with natural variability, such as photovoltaic generation and wind turbine generation, would make the demand and supply control in a whole power system more difficult, and therefore, alternatives for demand and supply regulation resources would be required. The authors focus on cogeneration system (CGS) as one of regulation resources. In order to procure adequate volume of regulation capability, an aggregator coordinates a number of CGSs efficiently and flexibly considering the wide variety of electricity/thermal demands of CGS owners. This paper proposes a novel optimal operation strategy of CGS coordinated by the aggregator considering the energy balance and operation cost of individual CGS owner. This paper also demonstrates the availability of CGSs for regulation capability by numerical case studies in which the actual consumption profile is employed.     

CO2 reduction effect of the utilization of waste heat and solar heat in a city gas system

We evaluated total energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the phases of a city gas utilization system from obtaining raw materials to consuming the product. Assuming monthly and hourly demand figures for electricity, heat for space heating, and hot water in a typical hospital, we explore the optimal size and operation of a city gas system that minimizes the life cycle CO₂ emissions or total cost. The cost‐effectiveness of conventional cogeneration, a solar heating system, and hybrid cogeneration utilizing solar heat is compared. We formulate a problem of mixed integer programming that includes integral parameters that express the state of system devices such as the on/off condition of switches. As a result of optimization, the hybrid cogeneration can reduce annual CO₂ emissions by 43% compared with the system without cogeneration. The sensitivity of CO₂ reduction and cost to the scale of the CGS is also analyzed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 22–32, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10369     

CO2 emissions,renewable energy and economic growth in the US

Given the great importance of achieving sustainable economic growth, however, it has been suggested that the replacement for fossil fuels by renewable energy sources can reduce environmental pollution. Renewable energy can decrease emissions caused by economic activities through increasing renewable energy consumption in energy-intensive-polluted sectors, and adopting environmental-friendly technologies in production. Therefore, this paper examines the linkages between energy-related CO2 emissions, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption for the 48 U.S. states over the period 1997–2017 by employing the panel ?xed-effects, the panel-corrected standard errors, the two-step Generalized Method of Moments, and the Method of Moments Quantile Regression with ?xed effects developed by Machado and Silva (2019). The results provide strong evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship be-tween economic growth and environmental degradation, which known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Furthermore, this paper con?rms that renewable energy consumption, electricity prices, and primary energy prices have negative impact on emissions whereas Heating Degree Days have a positive impact on emissions. Moreover, the panel quantile regression models con?rm that the effects of all explanatory variables on CO2 emissions are heterogeneous at different quantiles. The ?ndings of this paper provide evidence of the environmental bene?ts of promoting in renewable energy and suggest policy tools to reduce emissions through energy price mechanisms.     

Evaluation of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction technologies in energy supply and end‐use sectors using a global energy model

Assessments of global warming mitigation technologies are important for achieving the Kyoto target and planning post‐Kyoto regimes. Regional differences in energy resources, growth in energy consumption, current technology diffusions, etc., should be considered in the assessments. A global energy systems model, DNE21+, with high regional resolution had treated the energy supply sectors in a bottom‐up fashion and the end‐use sectors in a top‐down fashion, which was expressed by using long‐term price elasticity. However, the assessments of technological options in the end‐use sectors are currently more important, particularly for the near and middle terms. In order to evaluate the technological options not only in the energy supply sectors but also in the end‐use sectors for energy savings and CO₂ emission reductions, DNE21+ has been modified for treating two energy‐intensive end‐use sectors, i.e. steel and cement sectors, in the bottom‐up fashion. The results reveal that the cost‐effective global CO₂ emission reductions in 2030 for stabilizing the atmospheric CO₂ concentration at 550 ppmv in comparison with that in the reference case would be approximately 68 MtC/yr and almost zero in the steel and cement sectors, respectively. The cost‐effective options include next‐generation coke ovens and coke dry quenching (CDQ) in the steel sector. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A TEA‐CO2 laser oscillation by an inductive energy storage pulsed‐power generator using a wire‐fuse opening switch

We have carried out experiments on TEA‐CO₂ laser oscillation using the inductive energy storage pulsed‐power generator, which has a copper wire fuse as an opening switch. Maximum laser output energy of about 1 J/pulse was obtained in the case of a fuse length of 5 cm and energy storage inductance of 8 μH. The laser output energy depends on the energy storage inductance and the parameters of the fuse. In this paper, the dependencies of laser output energy on inductance and fuse length, and a comparison between the inductive and capacitive system were described. Furthermore the laser efficiency was discussed by calculating the electron energy distribution of laser main discharge region. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(1): 15–21, 2000     

A study of economic evaluation of demand‐side energy storage system in consideration of market clearing price

In Japan the electricity market will open on April 1, 2004. Electric utility, Power Producer and Supplier (PPS), and Load Service Entity (LSE) will join the electricity market. LSEs purchase electricity based on the Market Clearing Price (:MCP) from the electricity market. LSEs supply electricity to the customers that contracted with the LSEs on a certain electricity price, and one to the customers that introduced Energy Storage System (:ES) on a time‐of‐use pricing. It is difficult for LSEs to estimate whether they have any incentive to promote customers to introduce ES or not. This paper evaluates the reduction of LSEs' purchasing cost from the electricity market and other LSEs' purchasing cost by introducing ES to customers. It is clarified which kind of customers has the effect of decreasing LSEs' purchasing cost and how much MCP of the whole power system the demand‐side energy storage systems change. Through numerical examples, this paper evaluates the possibility of giving the cost merit to both customers with energy storage systems and LSE by using real data for a year's worth of MCP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 22–35, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20447     

Evaluation of a plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle considering power generation best mix

In the transport section, it is necessary to reduce the amount of CO₂ emissions and oil dependence. Bio fuels and fuel cell vehicle (FCV), electric vehicle (EV) and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are expected to reduce CO₂ emissions and oil dependence. We focus on PHEV. PHEV can reduce total energy consumption because of its high efficiency and can run with both oil and electricity. Introduction of PHEV reduces oil consumption, but it also increases electricity demands. Therefore, we must evaluate PHEV's CO₂ reduction potential, not only in the transport section but also in the power grid section. To take into account the distribution of the daily travel distance is also very important. All energy charged in the PHEV's battery cannot always be used. That influences the evaluation. We formulate the total model that combines passenger car model and power utility grid model, and we also consider the distribution of the daily travel distance. With this model, we show the battery cost per kWh at which PHEV begins to be introduced and oil dependence in the passenger car section is to be reduced to 80%. We also show PHEV's CO₂ reduction potentials and effects on the power supply system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 12–22, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20920     

Evaluation of the plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle considering learning curve on battery and power generation best mix

The plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a technology intended to reduce CO₂ emissions in the transport sector. This paper presents scenarios that show how widely used PHEVs will be in the future, how much CO₂ emissions will be reduced by the introduction of PHEVs, and whether there will be serious effects on the power supply system. PHEVs can run on both gasoline and electricity, and therefore we evaluate CO₂ emissions not only from gasoline consumption but also from electricity consumption. Consideration of the distribution of daily trip distances is important for evaluating the economical benefits and CO₂ emissions resulting from the introduction of PHEVs. Also, future battery costs are very important in constructing PHEV growth scenarios. The growth of the number of PHEVs will make battery costs lower. Thus, we formulate an overall model that combines the passenger car sector and power supply sector, taking account of the distribution of daily trip distances and incorporating a learning curve for battery costs. We use the iteration method to provide a learning curve that is nonlinear. Therefore, we set the battery cost only in the first year of the simulation: battery costs in the later years are calculated in the model. We focus on a 25‐year time period in Japan, starting from 2010, and divided into 5 parts (1st to 5th). The model selects the most economical combinations of car types and power sources. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(2): 31–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21098     

Evaluation of a potential reintroduction of nuclear energy in Italy to accelerate the energy transition

Nuclear energy was adopted in Italy in the past to deal with the insufficient fossil fuels on the national territory. After a public vote subsequent to the Chernobyl accident, Italy abandoned the use of nuclear energy and nowadays adopts a mix of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources for electricity production. However, the urging environmental pollution and climate change issues are forcing Italy to realize a so-called “energy transition” towards a more sustainable energy production and consumption system. In this framework, following the examples of other countries, it could be re-evaluated the adoption of nuclear to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. In the present paper, it is presented an overview of the nuclear energy history in Italy and the current and projected electricity demand and supply. Then, with reference to the Italian framework and policies, the main advantages and disadvantages of a hypothetical reintroduction of nuclear energy are presented. The analysis shows that the adoption of nuclear energy would bring several advantages in terms of lower emissions, higher security of supply and enabling of possible other technologies; the main disadvantages are related to the opposing public opinion and the nuclear waste management.     

The influence of nuclear generation on CO2 emissions and on the cost of the Spanish system in long-term generation planning

This paper presents the influence of a nuclear generation option on CO₂ emissions and on the cost of the Spanish long-term generation system by means of the development of a stochastic linear model, based on the software GAMS, where multiple aspects have been contemplated: the uncertainty regards fossil fuel and CO₂ emission allowance prices by analysing different scenarios, the stability and supply security of the system by considering different restrictions, the maximum grade of penetration of the different technologies by means of commissioning plans, etc. Only two of the conclusions drawn are focused on here. First, it is possible to get a clean system without nuclear power generation but the cost would be higher than in the case where the existing nuclear power plants continue to operate. Second, the development of clean coal technologies could be affected negatively by the development of nuclear generation.