Large‐scale magnetic field analysis by the hybrid finite element‐boundary element method combined with the fast multipole method

This paper describes a large‐scale magnetic field analysis by means of the hybrid finite element‐boundary element (FE‐BE) method. The hybrid FE‐BE method is well‐suited for solving open electromagnetic field problems that comprise movement, nonlinear media, and eddy current. In general, however, large memory and computational costs are required due to the dense blocks in the system matrix generated by the BE part of the hybrid formulation. In order to overcome the above difficulties, we introduce the fast multipole method (FMM) to the hybrid FE‐BE formulation developed by ourselves. Furthermore, we propose a novel preconditioning technique suitable for the hybrid FE‐BE method with the FMM. Some numerical results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also presented. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(1): 73–80, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20508     

A non‐conformal FETI‐like domain decomposition approach of FE‐BI‐MLFMA for 3‐D electromagnetic scattering/radiation problems

A non‐conformal finite element tearing and interconnecting‐like (FETI‐like) domain decomposition approach (DDA) of the hybrid finite element–boundary integral–multilevel fast multipole algorithm (FE‐BI‐MLFMA) is presented by integrating a series efficient techniques for computing electromagnetic scattering/radiation problems. The Robin transmission condition is employed to cement the non‐conformal meshes on the interconnected surfaces between the interior and exterior regions and between sub‐domains in the interior region. The FETI‐like technique is applied to reduce the FE‐BI matrix equation. Furthermore, a preconditioner is constructed to accelerate the convergent speed of this non‐conformal FETI‐like DDA. The numerical performance of the presented non‐conformal FETI‐like DDA‐FE‐BI‐MLFMA is studied for scattering/radiation problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电力变压器绕组和铁芯的模态分析

为了研究电力变压器绕组和铁芯的振动特性,利用模态分析方法分析了不同预紧力对绕组轴向振动的影响及铁芯压紧状态对铁芯振动的影响;采用ANSYS软件建立了绕组和铁芯的模态仿真系统,通过有限元分析法获得了绕组预紧力与轴向固有频率之间的关系及铁芯压紧状态与固有频率之间的关系。     

一种三相交流混合磁轴承数学模型与性能分析

提出了一种新型的三相交流二自由度径向混合磁轴承,由嵌入式永磁体提供静态偏置磁通,三相通电线圈产生控制磁通.采用等效磁路法导出了偏置磁通的计算公式,推导了径向悬浮力的数学模型.针对实验样机的性能要求,设计了磁轴承参数,在设计交流磁轴承控制系统基础上,利用Matlab/SIMULINK工具箱构建了仿真系统,对磁轴承的起浮性能、抗干扰等特性进行了仿真.最后用ANSYS8.0电磁场有限元分析软件对磁轴承实验样机的磁路和转子受力性能进行了计算和分析,证明了该设计的正确性.     

Parallel FETI‐DP algorithm for efficient simulation of large‐scale EM problems

An efficient parallelization of the dual‐primal finite‐element tearing and interconnecting (FETI‐DP) algorithm is presented for large‐scale electromagnetic simulations. As a nonoverlapping domain decomposition method, the FETI‐DP algorithm formulates a global interface problem, whose iterative solution is accelerated with a solution of a global corner problem. To achieve a good load balance for parallel computation, the original computational domain is decomposed into subdomains with similar sizes and shapes. The subdomains are then distributed to processors based on their close proximity to minimize inter‐processor communication. The parallel generalized minimal residual method, enhanced with the iterative classical Gram‐Schmidt orthogonalization scheme to reduce global communication, is adopted to solve the global interface problem with a fast convergence rate. The global corner‐related coarse problem is solved iteratively with a parallel communication‐avoiding biconjugate gradient stabilized method to minimize global communication, and its convergence is accelerated by a diagonal preconditioner constructed from the coarse system matrix. To alleviate neighboring communication overhead, the non‐blocking communication approach is employed in both generalized minimal residual and communication‐avoiding biconjugate gradient stabilized iterative solutions. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, scalability, and capability of the proposed parallel FETI‐DP algorithm for electromagnetic modeling of general objects and antenna arrays. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fundamental characteristics and 3D electromagnetic analysis for magnetic levitation transporter using YBCO superconductors

A magnetic levitation device with two‐dimensional movement, the so‐called “levitating X‐Y transporter,” has been developed. In order to develop a working levitating X‐Y transporter, it is necessary to clarify the levitation characteristics, such as the lift force, levitation height, and stability against mechanical disturbances. In this paper, we examine the lift and the restoring force experimentally and propose a new simulation program based on the three‐dimensional hybrid finite and boundary element method to analyze the dynamic behavior of electromagnetic characteristics of YBCO bulk. Using the numerical simulation and experiments, we investigated a suitable arrangement of permanent magnets to enhance the levitation characteristics. We also designed a levitating transporter which can carry a load of 200 kg with a gap of 16 mm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 44–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20220     

An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with large‐scale wind power

Large‐scale wind power (LSWP) integration may cause significant impact on power system frequency, so it is necessary to take frequency regulation issues into account in power system steady‐state operation analysis. An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with LSWP is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the active power of generators and loads are presented with their static power–frequency characteristics. The slack bus degenerates to the nodal voltage phase angle reference bus of the system, and all the generators with frequency regulation capability participate in unbalanced power regulation. The power flow calculation results can reveal the impact to the system frequency of operation mode change and load variation, and present the output adjustment of the generators. The proposed model can be solved conveniently by the block solving technology based on the fast decoupled power flow algorithm. The scheme presented in this paper has been tested on the IEEE standard 30‐bus test system by simulating basic operation and primary and secondary frequency regulation of the generators, which demonstrated the validity by the method. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Fast computation and stable convergence technique for unbalanced load flow calculation in large‐scale systems

This paper presents a new method of unbalanced load flow calculation to improve complexity by the method of advanced symmetrical coordinates. Usually, the electric power system has been calculated only by the positive phase sequence component on the assumption that three‐phase transmission lines and loads are balanced. However, many ultrahigh‐voltage transmission lines are not transposed, and therefore mutual inductances cause negative sequence currents in the trunk transmission system. Negative sequence currents cause heating of generators and transformers, and therefore the three‐phase sequence component should be calculated accurately. We examined the fast computation and good convergence performance of unbalanced load flow calculation by models of three‐phase transmission lines, transformers, and loads. The proposed method is not the phase coordinate system but the method of symmetrical coordinates. This technique decreases numerical complexity by the use of a simplified Jacobian matrix. The convergence performance of this method is inferior to that of the usual Newton–Raphson method. As a consequence, the problem of poor convergence performance is alleviated by a technique for the newly developed deceleration Newton method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(1): 17–24, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21034     

Characteristic analysis and trial manufacture of permanent‐magnetic type linear generator

This paper describes the design and trial manufacture of a linear generator which can convert any mechanical vibration of an automobile to electrical energy. A mover, which includes permanent magnets, is linearly driven through a stator by vibrations. The Nd‐Fe‐B magnets in the mover are placed facing the same magnetic poles in order to produce a change of magnetic flux in the coils of the stator. The coils are placed in the stator with the same intervals as the magnets. Successive coils are wound in opposite directions and are connected in series. A magnetic iron core covering the stator makes the magnetic flux extend through the case and reduces flux canceling in the coils of the stator. The distribution of the magnetic field, the electromotive force, and the driven power of the mover were calculated by numerical simulations in order to determine the size of the linear generator. A linear generator and experimental apparatus were built on the basis of the simulation. The performance characteristics were tested in experiments, and the produced linear generator was confirmed to be useful as an onboard auxiliary power supply. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 94– 100, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20751     

Magnetic current loop as a source model for finite thin‐wire antennas

The paper deals with the concept of magnetic current loop as a source model for finite thin‐wire antennas. The formulation is based on the Pocklington integro‐differential equation with reduced kernel, which is handled by means of various numerical techniques, mostly using the Galerkin–Bubnov variant of Indirect Boundary Element Method. Extensive numerical experiments were carried out on various dipole and monopole antennas using different sources (delta gap, magnetic frill, and magnetic current loop), and results for input admittance are compared with measured data. The magnetic current loop source ensures accurate solution for input admittance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Higher‐order CN‐FETD method for analysis of microwave circuit structures

In this paper, the hierarchical high‐order basis functions on tetrahedrons are introduced to the Crank–Nicolson (CN) finite‐element time‐domain (FETD) with the 3D Maxwell equations for analysis of the microwave circuit structures. Whitney 1‐form high‐order hierarchical basis functions are used to expand the electric field and Whitney 2‐form high‐order hierarchical basis functions for the magnetic field. The CN scheme is employed in the FETD method to lead to an unconditionally stable algorithm. Numerical results were presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed high‐order CN‐FETD method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PVDF actuator for high‐frequency fatigue test of thin‐film metals

This paper suggests a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) piezoelectric diaphragm actuator used in a novel fatigue test method for thin metal films. A thin‐film metal specimen is stamped on top of the actuator using a stamping epoxy. As the actuator vibrates, the stress in the specimen increases until it fails under fatigue. A finite element model of the actuator is built, and its vibration amplitude is confirmed to be in a good agreement with experiment. Then, a model of the specimen is added to this model to simulate the vibration of the specimen for fatigue test. Stress analysis of the specimen at a driving voltage of 200 V_0−p confirms that this actuator can increase the stress in the specimen to near 1 GPa, which is high enough for the fatigue test of metals such as titanium. In the experiment, a thin‐film titanium specimen is stamped on top of the actuator which is then vibrated. The stress in the fatigue gauge on thin‐film specimen increased until the specimen failed under fatigue. This shows that the proposed PVDF actuator is suitable for the fatigue test of thin‐film metals such as titanium. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Relationship between magnetic poles and characteristics of revolving permanent‐magnet type magnet wheels

The authors earlier proposed a revolving permanent‐magnet type wheel called the “magnet wheel,” which has the functions of both induction repulsive magnetic levitation and thrust. In this paper, the relationship between magnetic poles and lift force or thrust characteristics is examined to investigate the performance. Five types of magnet wheels are discussed in an experimental study and four more types are used in a theoretical study with three‐dimensional numerical analysis. The following parameters are considered: magnetomotive force (mmf) of a permanent magnet; thickness of the magnet in the magnetizing direction; total volume of magnets; fundamental factor; distortion factor of the space mmf distribution of poles; pole pitch; diameter of magnet wheel; mechanical clearance; and thickness and resistivity of conducting plate. The results show the following: 1. The lift force per unit of magnet volume is approximately proportional to the fundamental factor of the space mmf distribution of the poles. A low degree space harmonic mmf is effective in increasing lift force. 2. The driving power per unit of lift force is almost entirely independent of the configuration of the primary member, including pole arrangement and position relative to the secondary conducting plate, respectively, and depends only on the resistance of the conducting plate. 3. In both the “partial‐overlap type” and “tilt type” magnet wheels, many poles with sufficiently large pole pitch are useful. In the tilt type the use of a small tilt angle is desirable. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 128(4): 111–120, 1999     

Mode‐filtering analysis of space and time harmonic wave components of magnetic fields in rotating machinery

We propose a new method for analysis of the harmonic wave components of magnetic fields in rotating machinery. Using the magnetic permeability obtained by transient analysis of the nonlinear magnetic field, the harmonic wave components of the magnetic field are individually calculated in the spaces of both the rotor and stator subject to the boundary condition that the harmonic wave components obtained by the transient analysis are set on the sliding surface. Mode separation of the magnetic field will contribute to research on reducing harmful harmonic wave components for rotating machinery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 55–63, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20951     

Evaluation by numerical analysis of magnetic shielding characteristics of bulk high‐Tc superconductor containing weak links

High‐T_c superconductors (HTS), which have the characteristics of critical current density over 3 × 10⁴ A/cm² at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) and 1 T, can be produced. Thus, they are promising for many practical applications such as a magnetic bearing, magnetic levitation, flywheel, and magnetic shielding. Since the HTS characteristics are not homogeneous in some specimens due to grain boundaries and cracks, the distribution of magnetic characteristics should be assessed. Thus, we have measured the distribution of the magnetic flux density on the surface of the HTS using a Hall element, and have evaluated its magnetic characteristics. The measurement of magnetic characteristics using a Hall element is difficult regarding the distribution of the magnetic flux density on the actual surface and inside of the HTS sample. In this research, we conducted a quantitative evaluation of the magnetic shielding characteristics of the HTS including weak links under a static magnetic field with the three‐dimensional finite element method analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 9–17, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10209     

电机定子铁心片间短路故障分析的解析法

为了分析电机定子铁心片间短路故障,提出一种故障区域电气量参数的解析计算方法。在考虑硅钢片中交变磁场的集肤效应的基础上,推导硅钢片磁场的解析式和复功率表达式,进而求出单片硅钢片感应电压;并根据单片硅钢片等效电路分别建立初始故障和完全故障区域等效电路。再根据故障域等效电路计算相关电气量参数,定量分析故障片数对故障区域电气量参数的影响。最后通过有限元仿真和片间短路故障实验验证文中所提方法的正确性与有效性。结果表明:解析法计算结果与有限元仿真和实验检测结果有较好的一致性,本文提出的方法可以有效地用于片间短路故障分析。     

2‐matrix‐based finite element linear solver for fast transient thermal analysis of high‐performance ICs

In this article, we propose ²‐based finite element (FE) solver for transient thermal analysis of high‐performance integrated circuits (ICs). ²‐matrix is a special subclass of hierarchical matrix or ‐matrix, which was shown to provide a data‐sparse way to approximate the matrices and their inverses with almost linear space and time complexities. In this work, we show that ²‐based mathematical framework can also be applied to FE‐based transient analysis of thermal parabolic partial differential equations. We show how the thermal matrix can be approximated by ²‐representations with controlled error. Then, we demonstrate that both storage and time complexities of the new solver are bounded by , where N is the matrix size. The method can be applied to any thermal structures for both steady and transient analysis. The numerical results from 3D ICs demonstrate the linear scalability of the proposed method in terms of both memory footprint and CPU time. The comparison with existing product‐quality LU solvers, CSPARSE and UMFPACK, on a number of 3D IC thermal matrices, shows that the new method is much more memory efficient than these methods, which however prevents the demonstration of the potential speedup of the proposed method over those methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Basic study of loss reduction effect by Stator‐Tooth slits in turbine generators. comparison between calculated results of generators and basic experiments

In this study, we investigate the loss reduction effect by stator‐teeth slits in turbine generators on the basis of electromagnetic field analysis and basic experiments. First, the loss reduction effect in the generator is estimated by the 3D finite element method and the theoretical solution of eddy current loss. Next, an experiment using a simple model that simulates the stator‐core ends of the turbine generator is carried out. It is clarified that the loss reduction effect by the slits depends on the frequency, flux density, and permeability of the stator teeth because the loss reduction effect weakens with the skin effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(3): 17–25, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22345     

Magnetic field analysis of a 70‐MW‐class superconducting generator by the 3D finite element method

The three‐dimensional magnetic field and eddy current distribution of the 70‐MW‐class superconducting generator was calculated by a finite element method. The condition for the exciting armature coil was calculated by the jω‐method. In the magnetic flux distribution of the armature winding bore, the value obtained by analysis had good agreement with the measurement. An analysis that let the rotor move by the synchronizing speed was also done. The armature voltage for the nonload condition and the armature current for the three‐phase short‐circuit condition obtained by calculations had good agreement with the measurements. The validity of the analytical model for three‐dimensional magnetic field analysis of superconducting generators was confirmed from these results. In addition, the synchronous reactances were calculated using these results with eddy current in the facing. It was found that the facing had the effect of decreasing synchronous reactance by about 5%. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(2): 53–60, 2001     

Virtual synchronous generator model control of PV for improving transient stability and damping in a large‐scale power system

Because of the significant changes in environmental policies and electric power deregulation in the last decade, a lot of photovoltaic generations (PV) have been and will be installed into the power system in Japan and the ratio of PVs to other synchronous generators will be increased. As a countermeasure against the decrease in the rotational inertia in the whole power system, a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) model control of the PV has so far been proposed. However, the system stabilization effect of the VSG in large‐scale power systems has been unclear. In this paper, a virtual step‐out blocking method of VSG for improving the transient stability is proposed. In addition, the necessity of governor control of VSG in a large‐scale power system is discussed. Finally, the rated kw and kwh capacities of the battery required for realizing the VSG‐model control are evaluated.