多臂机器人关节间的碰撞检测研究

将多臂机器人各运动关节简化为具有一定直径的圆柱体,通过计算两圆柱体中心线间最短距离来进行机器人的碰撞检测研究.在此过程中,首先通过总结提炼两空间线段间的相互位置关系,在进行解析、推导的基础上,提出了8个有意义的解析几何推论,直接可得出两空间线段间的最短距离,然后根据得出的结果,设计了一个机器人运动关节间的碰撞检测算法.该算法程序设计简单,计算量小,能有效地满足实际应用需要.     

基于球和线段Minkowski和的碰撞检测研究

机器人的模型可以简化成球和线段的Minkowski和而成,由此机器人的碰撞检测问题简化成发两条空间线段最短距离的计算.把两条线段的相对位置分成三类情况,分别寻找两条线段的最近特征点,得到两条线段的最近距离.最后通过实验验证算法的正确性.     

双机器人协调系统中的碰撞问题研究

针对多自由度双机械臂在同一工作空间协调运作时可能发生碰撞的问题,建立机器人包络简化模型,将关节简化为球体包络,连杆简化为圆柱体包络,通过对双机械臂所简化的包络模型进行干涉检查,提出空间点与点、点到线段以及异面两条线段的最短距离计算方法,将所用到的检测算法在VC++中实现,并将Staubli六轴双机器人模型应用到SolidWorks中进行仿真,实验结果验证了该算法的可行性。     

京剧机器人双臂碰撞检测的研究与实现

对京剧机器人双臂实时碰撞检测的方法进行了研究。首先,通过机器人运动学求出各关节坐标系间的变换矩阵,获得手臂各关节点在机器人基坐标系下的矢量坐标;然后,建立手臂的几何模型,通过几何法实时检测两手臂的最短距离Dmin,并与碰撞发生的临界距离dmax进行实时比较,当Dmin〈dmax时,系统发出暂停信号停止手臂运动;最后利用机器人AS语言,实现了最短距离算法和双臂的通讯,验证了双臂实时碰撞检测方法的可行性。     

冗余度机器人梯度投影避障算法的改进

针对传统基于梯度投影法的避障算法只进行关节空间局部调整,无法实现冗余度机器人末端躲避障碍物的不足,提出一种改进的避障算法。借助人工势场思想,实时地规划出冗余度机器人末端的避障路径。同时以最短距离为指标,进行关节空间自运动调整。末端避障和关节自运动调整相结合,实现全局范围避障。最短距离计算采用解析方法,避免最短距离垂足落在杆件延长线上的问题。在MATLAB软件中进行了冗余度机器人避障仿真,规划用时1.73 s,证明改进后避障算法的有效性和高效性,并且能实现目标追踪过程中的动态避障。     

双机械臂碰撞检测算法研究

为保障双机械臂在公共活动空间的安全性,提出了一种准确高效的碰撞检测算法。采用球体和胶囊体包围盒简化机械臂模型,根据包围盒之间的相交情况判断是否发生碰撞。通过二次投影法实现快速检测,将包围盒投影为线段,若投影线段未重叠则包围盒未相交;若投影线段有重叠,则将问题进一步转化为空间点到点、点到线段、线段到线段的最短距离求解。通过仿真软件和实体机械臂实验平台对算法进行了分析,结果说明,该算法检测效率高,可直接植入机械臂控制器程序中,满足安全性需要。     

双机器人松协调规划中的碰撞问题分析

在已知两机器人运动路径的前提下,在笛卡尔空间对两机器人进行简单的几何建模,利用Lagrange乘子和Kuhn-Tucker条件求解各种模型间的最短距离来实现对碰撞的检测。通过对已知路径离散化,将空间机器人系统转化为二维平面上的点,最终求得双机器人间的碰撞区域,为进一步开展双机器人系统时间优化-无碰撞轨迹规划问题的研究打下基础。     

基于改进粒子群算法的六自由度工业机器人轨迹规划

针对工件打磨工况,设计建立用于打磨的机器人运动学模型,规划机器人运动学轨迹,通过改进粒子群算法优化轨迹曲线,减少机器人运行时间,提高机器人工作效率。首先建立打磨工业机器人空间运动学模型,计算目标点从笛卡尔空间转换到关节空间的逆解,在关节空间中利用“三次-五次-三次”三段多项式曲线对所求逆解进行轨迹规划,以轨迹运动时间最短作为优化目标。利用融合免疫操作的改进粒子群算法对轨迹曲线进行优化,将改进算法的优化结果与传统粒子群算法进行对比;改进后的新算法改善了粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的问题,适应度结果更好,算法效果更佳。     

一种基于多CCD的碰撞检测新方法

针对由RX60和RX90机器人组成的联合作业系统,通过选择机器人基点的特征函数值作为阀值门限,在HSV颜色空间下直接对采集的彩色图像进行二值化处理,提取出目标机器人。提出了一种新的基于“层切”理论的碰撞检测算法,并在含有目标机器人的二值图像中运用该算法成功实现了对联合作业机器人系统的实时碰撞监测,为进行复杂三维物体间的实时碰撞检测作出了有益探索。     

七自由度自动铺丝机器人的自运动流形分析

定义了位姿解耦的冗余自由度机器人位置关节空间流形和姿态关节空间流形,将位置关节空间流形和姿态关节空间流形进行配对得到冗余自由度机器人的自运动流形。利用定义的位置关节空间流形和姿态关节空间流形对七自由度自动铺丝机器人进行分析,分别得出七自由度自动铺丝机器人的位置关节空间流形和姿态关节空间流形,配对以后得出七自由度自动铺丝机器人的自运动流形,并进行了仿真验证,结果表明这种分析方法得到的自动铺丝机器人的自运动流形是正确的,而且对于其他类型位姿解耦的冗余自由度机器人自运动流形分析也是适用的。     

Theoretical and numerical investigation on impact noise radiated by collision of two cylinders

Impact noise characterized by high peak value and short duration is very common source of noise in the industries and in many cases can be summed up in the noise radiated by collision of two cylinders. In order to precisely predict the impact noise radiated by collision of two cylinders, a modified theoretical prediction model was established based on the Palmgren’s cylinder contact empirical model and acoustics theory. Then a numerical simulation method combining the finite element method (FEM) and the transient boundary element method (TBEM) had been presented to verify the modified theoretical model and further discuss the mechanism of impact noise. Both the contact force and impact noise of collision cylinders by the modified theoretical model were compared with the numerical results as well as the prediction results by the original theoretical model. It indicated that the results by modified theoretical prediction model are in good agreement with the numerical results, indicating better prediction superior to the original model. The impact noise radiated by collision cylinders is attributed to the rigid body acceleration. Furthermore, the experimental validations were conducted to verify the modified theoretical prediction model and numerical simulation results.     

A simple centroid-based method to find the principal point of an image plane for a pincushion distortion

A method to find the principal point of an image plane is proposed in this paper for the case of a pincushion distortion. The analytical foundation of the method is that a pincushion distortion causes a pair of distortion-free parallel lines to become a pair of curves, which are termed conjugate curves in this paper, and the shortest line segment connecting the pair of conjugate curves passes through the principal point. Thus, the principal point can be obtained by computing the intersection point of the shortest line segments of different pairs of conjugate curves. However, the case for a digital image is a bit different from the above. For the same pair of conjugate curves, there is a group of shortest line segments, which is called a shortest segment set. The coincidence region of the shortest segment sets of different pairs of conjugate curves is a polygon, the centroid of which is considered as the principal point. Therefore, the proposed method firstly needs to capture the pincushion-distorted images of some pairs of parallel lines, secondly to find the corresponding polygon and lastly, to calculate the centroid point. A synthetic image and a real image are tested using this method, and the results are satisfying.     

Numerically Controlled Machining of Freeform Curves Using Biarc Approximation

To machine a shape incorporating freeform curves, the free-form curves must be approximated and represented in a form suitable for numerically controlled (NC) tool-path generation. Instead of the commonly used line segment approximation, a new method using biarc approximation is presented here. The purpose is to reduce sudden changes in tool movement and increase continuity and smoothness. A biarc can be described as two consecutive circular arcs with an identical tangent at the connecting point. Therefore, tangent continuity can be maintained. Furthermore, curvature continuity can be improved if the difference between the two curvatures is minimised. In this research, biarc segments are used to approximate the freeform curves by controlling the largest deviation distance between the curves and the biarcs. The test results show that the biarc approximation method generates fewer tool-path segments than the traditional line approximation. The definitions of the biarcs are used to generate NC tool paths. A new tool-path generation method is developed for processing rough cutting and finish cutting paths. Example parts modelled with B-spline curves are tested and machined.     

Design and simulation for a hydraulic actuated quadruped robot

This paper describes the mechanical configuration of a quadruped robot firstly. Each of the four legs consists of three rotary joints. All joints of the robot are actuated by linear hydraulic servo cylinders. Then it deduces the forward and inverse kinematic equations for four legs with D-H transformation matrices. Furthermore, it gives a composite foot trajectory composed of cubic curve and straight line, which greatly reduces the velocity and acceleration fluctuations of the torso along forward and vertical directions. Finally, dynamics cosimulation is given with MSC.ADAMS and MATLAB. The results of co-simulation provide important guidance to mechanism design and parameters preference for the linear hydraulic servo cylinders.     

一种判别空间两线段干涉的快速算法

在多机械手系统中 ,机械手各杆状关节相互之间在运动过程中极易产生机械干涉 ,快速判别两杆状物体互相产生机械干涉的算法对多机械手系统的动态任务规划具有十分重要的意义。一般的研究方法都是把杆状物体简化为空间线段来进行分析和计算他们之间的距离或者具体的交点位置。实际上 ,判断两空间线段是否产生干涉只需要知道两线段是否存在交点 ,而不需具体计算交点的位置以及两空间线段之间的距离 ,就可判别其干涉状态 ,基于此本文提出了一个极为简单的计算方法 ,该方法利用解析几何中的理论 ,提出了几个基本定义 ,将空间的两杆状物体抽象为线段 ,然后投影到笛卡尔空间直角坐标的三个直角投影面 ,通过一些简单的加减乘除计算 ,就可判别两线段干涉状态。     

串列三圆柱绕流的时均压力分布与气动力

运用刚性模型测压风洞试验方法对单圆柱、不同间距串列双圆柱和串列三圆柱绕流的时均压力分布与气动力进行了研究。首先,进行单圆柱模型和不同间距串列双圆柱模型的绕流试验,试验的雷诺数为3.4×104;其次,通过与单圆柱进行对比,讨论了气动干扰对串列三圆柱时均压力分布与时均阻力的影响规律;最后,通过与串列双圆柱进行对比,讨论了圆柱的数量对干扰规律的影响。试验结果发现,串列三圆柱的绕流存在两个完全不同的流态,其切换的临界间距(L/D)cr在3.5～4.0之间,两个流态下的时均压力分布与时均阻力存在明显的差异。本研究可对实际工程中串列圆柱结构的风荷载取值提供参考。     

A study on the flow characteristics between two circular cylinders in cross flow by ldv and holographic interferometry

Experimental investigation of the fluid flow and thermal flow pattern around two circular cylinders in cross flow has been carried out. Reynolds number was varied in the range of 100≦Re≦1000 and the distance between the two cylinders in the interval of 2≦L/D≦4. Velocity and turbulence intensity distributions in the isothermal distribution in the whole x−y thermal flow field was obtained by double-exposure holographic interferometry. The influences of Reynolds number and the gap spacing between the two cylinders were investigated. The characteristic flow pattern was found to depend on the distance between the two cylinders. WhenL≦3D, the wake region between the two cylinders became quasi-stationary.