几种烷烃和烯烃氨基硝基取代物分子内氨基对C-NO2键影响的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G**水平下,研究了烷烃、乙烯及1,3-丁二烯的氨基硝基取代物中不同位置和数量的氨基对C-NO2的影响.结果表明,在氨基硝基烷中,氨基的位置和数量对C-NO2键的影响只能依赖于氨基硝基的诱导效应和空间效应,当二者的间距超过2个C原子时,氨基对C-NO2键的影响将变得很微弱;在氨基硝基乙烯类化合物中,1号位的氨基会削弱C-NO2键;而2号位的氨基加强了C-NO2键,并且随着2号位氨基数目的增加,C-NO2键缩短,C-NO2上C原子的负电性增加(包括正电荷减少),C=C键伸长,τ增加,即氨基的供电子作用和整个分子的共轭效应更加明显;对于氨基硝基1,3-丁二烯类化合物,当分子中硝基氧未与氨基氢形成氢键时,氨基对C-NO2键明显存在类似于苯环的定位效应.当分子中硝基氧与氨基氢形成氢键时,以上效应被削弱,而且在氨基数目相同的条件下随着氢键的增强,C-NO2键被削弱.     

铝粉氧化对端羟基聚丁二烯界面吸附影响的分子模拟

为研究铝粉氧化对丁羟推进剂黏合剂界面吸附的影响,采用分子动力学方法和COMPASS力场,分别对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)在Al和Al_2O_3不同晶面吸附进行了模拟计算,求得界面吸附能和静态力学性能(弹性系数、模量和泊松比),结合吸附能和径向分布函数揭示了界面相互作用本质.模拟结果表明,采用HTPB包覆后的Al和Al_2O_3刚度降低,弹性增强;HTPB在Al_2O_3的晶面吸附能远高于在Al晶面,HTPB与Al晶面只存在范德华力作用,而在Al_2O_3的界面吸附主要由静电作用引起.     

用AIM理论研究水体系中K~+与水分子之间的成键

碱金属中的钾离子与水分子形成的K+-H2O团簇在生物体钾离子通道的选择中起到了重要的作用。本文用Car-Parrinello动力学方法(CPMD)和AIM理论对团簇中钾离子与水分子形成的键进行研究。结果表明钾离子与一、二两个水合层中的水分子均发生作用。在300K时,第一水合层钾离子的配位数为5.10,键能为11.99 kcal/mol。因为K+-H2O之间形成的较强的键,所以第一水合层中离子与水的结合在250K~350K时很稳定。     

含能材料物理化学性能理论预估研究进展

从含能材料领域的最近发展成果出发,讨论了该领域的主要研究方向,重点论述了当前含能材料物理化学性能理论预估的最新成果,主要包括量子化学、分子动力学或者半经验QSPR建模的方法预估含能材料的感度、燃烧爆轰性能、反应活性、固化机制与力学性能的研究进展。总结了目前存在的主要技术壁垒,包括缺乏完备统一的含能材料性能标准实验数据库,没有自主知识产权的商业化含能材料性能计算软件,且国际上商业软件对含能材料的物理化学性能的可靠预测仅局限于爆轰性能和燃烧性能。文献调研表明,我国需要进一步加强该领域研究,最终建立一个能评价含能材料性能与安全的综合软件平台。     

磁场对水溶液结晶动力学影响的计算机模拟研究

本文用蒙特卡罗计算机模拟方法模拟了水溶液的成核过程和晶体生长过程,研究了外加磁场对结晶过程的影响,较成功地解释了磁效应与磁感应强度的多极值关系和磁防垢的机理。     

多硝基[60]富勒烯衍生物C-N键离解能的理论计算

用PBE密度泛函方法计算了14种多硝基[60]富勒烯的最弱C-N键离解能、C-N键平均键离解能以及硝基的平均结合能.计算结果表明,最弱C-N键的离 解能为137.14～158.51 kJ/mol,C-N键的平均键离解能为168.56～177.78 kJ/mol,硝基平均结合能为-40.47～-50.92 k J/mol.硝基数从2个增加到8个,键离解能的改变不大,但1,2连接模式优于1,4连接模式, 多硝基[60]富勒烯的C-N键离解能受其对称性的影响较小.     

丁羟推进剂黏结体系中增塑剂迁移的分子模拟

为克服固体推进剂中增塑剂与黏结体系之间加速老化实验手段的不足,构建了增塑剂和黏结体系的分子模型.利用分子模拟方法在COMPASS力场下分析了增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)在由端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)组成的黏接体系中的相容性和扩散性.用无定形动力学方法计算组分的溶度参数,判断DOS与HTPB、IPDI的相容性.结果表明,DOS与HTPB、IPDI相容性较好.这与由共混方法计算的结合能得到相容性好的结论一致;通过分子动力学方法模拟计算得到增塑剂DOS在黏结体系(HTPB-IPDI)中的扩散系数为1.2×10-7cm2/s.     

原料中SiO2结晶特性影响熟料烧成的研究进展

二氧化硅(SiO2)是硅酸盐水泥生料的主要成分,其赋存于原料中的结晶特性对熟料烧成能耗及熟料质量具有决定性的影响.结合熟料烧成反应过程,根据熟料矿物与原料矿物组分之间的成键关系,分析了原料中SiO2参与熟料烧成反应的化学过程,综述了原料矿物中的Si-O键合形式,石英的含量、晶粒尺寸、晶型及结晶度等SiO2结晶特性对熟料烧成的影响及作用机理,并总结了提高惰性石英质原料中SiO2反应活性的方法.综述分析可为水泥企业高效应用各类硅源原材料,生产高质量水泥提供参考依据和科学方法.     

键合剂对HTPB与Al/Al2O3之间界面作用的分子模拟

采用分子动力学(MD)方法和COMPASS力场,研究了键合剂对丁羟推进剂中端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与Al/Al2O3之间界面的吸附能与力学性能.结果表明,键合剂在Al2O3晶面的吸附能高于HTPB在Al2O3晶面的吸附能,而在Al晶面的规律并不明显.键合剂(TEA)与HTPB在Al2O3晶面吸附能远高于在Al晶面,Al2O3晶体(010)晶面高于 (001)晶面,Al晶体(001)晶面高于(011)晶面.两晶面中吸附能愈高,力学性能愈好.几种键合剂对吸附体系力学性能(弹性模量)的作用次序:TAZ＞TEA＞MAPO·HAC＞MAPO＞HX-752.     

晶种添加量对硝酸钾溶液间歇结晶过程的影响研究

针对添加晶种的间歇结晶过程,基于DL定律和粒数衡算方程,建立了晶体生长溶液浓度与晶种量及其生长速率的数学表达式。实验考察了晶种添加量对KNO3-H2O间歇冷却结晶过程的影响。结果表明:随着晶种量的增加,模拟溶液浓度与实测浓度之差DC减小;同时体系相对过饱和度逐步受到抑制,其变化范围和幅度均呈现下降趋势;当晶种添加量达到或超过0.332g(100gH2O)-1时,DC在整个过程接近于0,体系基本无新核产生,过程以生长为主导,即对于添加晶种的结晶过程存在最小晶种量。由实时测定的溶液浓度和透光率得到的参数DC可确定相应工艺条件下的最小晶种添加量,为结晶产品的质量控制和优化提供了分析手段。     

Effects of Additives on ε‐HNIW Crystal Morphology and Impact Sensitivity

Crystals of γ‐HNIW were transformed into crystals of ε‐HNIW by application of a drowning‐out process in the presence of different additives, namely ethylene glycol, triacetin, and aminoacetic acid. They show different effects on the crystal morphology of ε‐HNIW and cause less angular and more regular structures. Investigation of the sensitivities of the different ε‐HNIW crystals shows that their angles and regularity have an influence on the impact sensitivity. Aminoacetic acid selectively inhibits the growth of individual ε‐HNIW crystal faces to modify the morphology into spherical shape, these ε‐HNIW crystals are of much lower sensitivity, even compared with general RDX and HMX explosives.     

A Novel Cocrystal Explosive of HNIW with Good Comprehensive Properties

In order to improve the safety of the high explosive 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), we cocrystallized HNIW with the insensitive explosive DNB (1,3‐dinitrobenzene) in a molar ratio 1 : 1 to form a novel cocrystal explosive. Structure determination showed that it belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group Pbca. Therein, layers of DNB alternate with bilayers of HNIW. Analysis of interactions in the cocrystal indicated that the cocrystal is mainly formed by hydrogen bonds and nitro‐aromatic interactions. Moreover, the thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of the cocrystal were evaluated. The results implied that the melting point of the cocrystal is 136.6 °C, which means an increase of 45 °C relative that of pure DNB. The predicted detonation velocity and detonation pressure of the cocrystal are 8434 m s⁻¹ and 34 GPa, respectively, which are similar to that of the reported HNIW/TNT cocrystal, but its reduced sensitivity (H₅₀=55 cm) makes it an attractive ingredient in HNIW propellant formulations.     

A Simple Method for the Purification of Crude Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL20)

A simple method for purifying crude hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL20) to analytical purity is described. This involves filtering a solution of HNIW in heptane / ethyl acetate through a column of Darco activated carbon type G‐60 (∼20 g carbon/g HNIW). The method works extremely well for HNIW derived from 4,10‐diformyl‐2,6,8,12‐tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane (final purity>99.95%, ∼90% recovery), and reasonably well for HNIW derived from 4,10‐dibenzyl‐2,6,8,12‐tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane.     

Dissociation Mechanism of HNIW Ions Investigated by Chemical Ionization and Electron Impact Mass Spectroscopy

Chemical Ionization (CI) with Collision‐Induced Dissociation (CID) spectroscopy and Electron Impacting (EI) with metastable Mass analyzed Ion Kinetic Energy (MIKE) spectroscopy have been applied to study ionic dissociations of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW). Similarities and differences between EI/MIKE and CI/CID mass spectra of HNIW were analyzed. In EI mass spectra, the ions [HNIW−n NO₂]⁺ (n=2–5), such as the ion at m/z 347, were less frequent (1–2% relative abundance), but in CI mass spectra, these ions were very abundant. For some ions of large molar mass from HNIW, their dissociations pathways from parent ions to daughter ions were built according to CID and MIKE spectra. Molecular ions of HNIW with a protonated nitro group at five‐member ring seem more stable than at six‐member ring. The HNIW ions losing five of six nitro groups are very stable based on CID spectra, which agrees with some research results for thermal decomposition of HNIW in literature.     

包覆HNIW用WPU/SBB复合乳液的合成与表征

以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、聚氧化丙烯二醇(PPG)、苯乙烯(St)、甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)等为主要原料,采用种子乳液聚合法合成了WPU/SBB(水性聚氨酯/苯丙)复合乳液;然后以此为高能炸药——HNIW(六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷)颗粒的包覆剂和胶粘剂。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)法、X-射线衍射(XRD)法及差示扫描量热分析(DSC)法等手段对WPU/SBB复合乳液的结构进行了表征,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、特性落高值(H50)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)法等分析了WPU/SBB复合乳液对HNIW的包覆效果。结果表明:包覆后HNIW的H50由13.6 cm升至34.8 cm,说明该环保型WPU/SBB复合乳液对HNIW具有明显的降感作用。     

Tetraacetyl‐dibenzyl‐hexaazaisowurtzitane Nitrosation – Studies on Scale‐up Synthesis of HNIW

A study made on 2,4,6,8‐tetraacetyl‐10,12‐dibenzyl‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADBIW) nitrosation in acetic acid to 2,4,6,8‐tetraacetyl‐10,12‐dinitroso‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNOIW) allows the reaction time to be considerably shortened. During the study, the reaction yield was found to be affected by variables such as temperature, time and UV radiation. The major factor controlling the reaction rate was found to be the concentration of NO₂ molecules in the reaction mixture. Under optimal conditions the product is obtained in a 90–93% yield after 6 h of the reaction conducted at 70 °C. UV radiation increases the reaction rate, yet the product obtained is of inferior purity on account of the by‐product formed.     

Quantitative Determination of ε‐phase in polymorphic HNIW using X‐ray Diffraction Patterns

An X‐ray diffraction method was applied for the quantitative determination of the ε‐Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) in polymorphs of HNIW. The XRD patterns of four polymorphs illustrate the unique nonoverlapping peak at 19.9° which belongs to ε‐HNIW. The intensity ratio of the peak at 19.9° of ε‐HNIW to the peak at 79.6° of α‐Al₂O₃ is proportional to the weight ratio of standard ε‐HNIW to the internal standard of α‐Al₂O₃, which enables the internal standard method. When the particle size of the sample is less than 10 μm, the content of ε‐HNIW ranging from 70 to 100 wt.‐% can be determined with an absolute error below 2.0%.     

Theoretical Studies on PNMFIW by AM1 and PM3 Methods

AM1 and PM3 semi‐empirical methods were used to conduct theoretical studies on possible polymorphs of pentanitromonoformylhexaazaisowurtzitane (PNMFIW), and a close link between PNMFIW and Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), especially in sensitivity, is shown. The optimized geometries of possible polymorphs of PNMFIW are similar to those of HNIW. PNMFIW in ε‐HNIW prepared from tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane is predicted to have a D‐form. The average N N bond lengths of PNMFIW computed by AM1 and PM3 methods are shorter than those of HNIW. The differences in energy and thermochemistry values between PNMFIW and HNIW are insignificant except molecular energies 255.75 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ for D‐form PNMFIW and 460.36 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ for ε‐HNIW. Based on a Mulliken population analysis of the N N bonds, the impact sensitivities of A‐, B‐, C‐ and D‐forms of PNMFIW are estimated to be lower than those of the corresponding polymorphs of HNIW. Taking into account all N N bond lengths and overall molecule size, the shock sensitivities of all forms PNMFIW are predicted to be almost the same, and lower than those of HNIW.     

四种晶型六硝基六氮杂 异伍兹烷的密度测定

以 X射线衍射仪测得的晶体学数据计算了六硝基六氮异伍兹烷的四种晶型 (α- HNIW1/ 2 H2 O,β- HNIW,γ- HNIW和 ε- HNIW)的晶体密度 ,同时根据 GJB772 A- 97,40 1.1所规定的密度瓶法实测了上述四者的密度。计算值分别为 1.992 g/ cm3 、1.989g/ cm3 、1.918g/ cm3 及 2 .0 44 g/ cm3 ,实测值分别为 1.937g/ cm3 、1.983g/ cm3 、1.918g/ cm3 及 2 .0 35 g/ cm3 ,计算值比实测值分别高 0 .0 5 5 g/ cm3 、0 .0 0 6g/ cm3 、0 g/ cm3 及 0 .0 0 9g/ cm2 。     

Preparation of ε‐HNIW by a One‐Pot Method in Concentrated Nitric Acid from Tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane

ε‐HNIW was prepared by a one‐pot method in concentrated nitric acid from tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TADFIW). γ‐HNIW was firstly obtained, then γ‐HNIW was directly transformed to ε‐HNIW in the solution in which nitration reaction occurred. The acid number of ε‐HNIW prepared by the method mentioned above is less than 0.2‰, yield of ε‐HNIW is up to 91%, and the purity of ε‐HNIW is up to 99.5%. Because steps of filtration and drying of γ‐HNIW were omitted, the process by which ε‐HNIW was prepared simplified greatly.