Dynamic preventive control for power system using transient stability assessment based on pattern recognition

To maintain power system security, the authors are developing an integrated security monitoring and control (ISMAC) system which consists of the three main functions: security monitoring, preventive control and emergency control. This paper focuses on the dynamic preventive control which deals with the transient stability immediately after the contingency has occurred. The proposed method is based on the transient stability assessment using the pattern recognition with two-dimensional feature space. Therefore, a preventive control strategy can be obtained rapidly. An index which represents the severity of the contingency quantitatively (security index) is defined by the distance from a linear decision surface which divides a feature plane into a stable and an unstable region. Further, this method has also the advantage that it is possible to consider the effect of the control devices or damping to some extent and specify the operator demand for stabilization flexibly. The effectiveness of the proposed method is ascertained through numerical examples for model power systems.     

基于动态安全域的电力系统暂态稳定预防控制、紧急控制及其协调

针对预防控制和紧急控制之间的互补性特点,建立了预防控制和紧急控制协调控制优化问题的数学模型,并在基于扩展等面积准则的动态安全域的基础上,提出了预防控制措施和紧急控制措施搜索算法以及协调控制的优化策略.在进行预防控制措施搜索时,利用适应度函数解决了失稳模式冲突所带来的初始可行解难以求解的问题,全面反映了不同故障不同失稳模式的动态安全域交集的分布.提出的紧急控制措施搜索算法根据切机搜索过程中失稳模式的改变情况来改变最优切机点,避免了切机负效应的影响.最后在8机32节点的系统上进行的算例验证了所提方法的正确性.     

考虑稳定控制措施的归一化能量函数在河南电网暂态稳定性评估中的应用

介绍考虑稳定控制措施后的归一化能量函数在河南电网暂态稳定性分析中的应用。通过归一化转子运动方程，定义了稳定控制措施投入后的归一化能量函数使之适用于在故障后系统惯性中心和运行发电机数目发生变化的情况下进行电力系统暂态稳定性评估，并在此基础上提出考虑稳定控制措施的稳定裕度分析策略。通过在河南省网暂态评估中的应用说明策略的有效性。     

电力系统暂态稳定性实时预测与控制

利用外部实时同步测量的思想和能量原理,提出一种电力系统暂态稳定性实时预测方法,并在此基础上提出了暂态稳定紧急控制的方法。该预测和控制方法简单．概念清楚,无需要预先知道系统的网络结构和参数,计算速度快,能准确反映系统的真实运行情况,适于在线应用。     

Dynamic equivalents for transient stability studies of electrical power systems

Along with the growth in size of electrical power systems, attention is increasingly being given to various reduction techniques of dynamic system models for transient stability studies. One of these is the topological reduction that includes coherency-based aggregation. A theorem from the nonlinear vibrations theory is applied to derive analytical coherency-criteria for a classical model of the system. A simplified algorithm of coherency recognition is given and results for a sample system are shown. Important properties of topological equivalents are proved and a relationship to modal reduction is pointed out.     

Improved synergetic excitation control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems

This paper proposes decentralized improved synergetic excitation controllers (ISEC) for synchronous generators to enhance transient stability and obtain satisfactory voltage regulation performance of power systems. Each generator is considered as a subsystem, for which an ISEC is designed. According to the control objectives, a manifold, which is a linear combination of the deviation of generator terminal voltage, rotor speed and active power, is chosen for the design of ISEC. Compared with the conventional synergetic excitation controller (CSEC), a parameter adaptation scheme is proposed for updating the controller parameter online in order to improve the transient stability and voltage regulation performance simultaneously under various operating conditions. Case studies are undertaken on a single-machine infinite-bus power system and a two-area four-machine power system, respectively. Simulation results show the ISEC can provide better damping and voltage regulation performance, compared with the CSEC without parameter adaptation scheme and the conventional power system stabilizer.     

考虑二重预想事故的在线电压稳定预防控制

提出了一种基于原对偶内点算法的安全约束最优潮流的数学模型,以控制代价最小化为目标,不仅考虑了正常状态下的安全约束,还同时考虑到了预想事故后的安全约束以及电压稳定裕度的约束。在线电压稳定评估系统中,同时考虑单重预想事故及其引发的继发性二重预想事故,分别进行筛选和排序,综合形成预想事故集。根据预想事故集,基于上述模型依次对其中每一预想事故进行预防控制,构建在线电压稳定预防控制模块,当系统处于不安全状态时,能够及时提供合理的预防控制策略,保证系统安全运行。以IEEE 118节点测试系统为算例,验证了所提出模型的正确性。     

A new method for transient stability analysis

This paper proposes a brand‐new method for transient stability analysis in power systems. The proposed method directly computes the critical trajectory for a given contingency to obtain the critical condition of the studied system. Although the method may be useful for general nonlinear dynamic systems, it is applied to the problem of obtaining a controlling UEP, unstable equilibrium point, which provides inevitable information for the energy function methods to assess transient stability. Namely, the proposed method effectively yields a critical trajectory on PEBS together with the controlling UEP, thus improving the conventional BCU method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in 3‐machine 9‐bus and 6‐machine 30‐bus systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(3): 26–33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20245     

基于Taylor级数法动态步长控制的暂态能量函数法

势能边界面PEBS(Potential Energy Boundary Surface)法是暂态能量函数法的一种,将Taylor级数法暂态稳定计算的动态步长控制应用到PEBS法中,可以大步长的模拟持续故障轨迹,减小模拟区间数。提高计算效率,同时也可以满足计算精度的要求。计算结果表明,Taylor级数法暂态稳定计算的动态步长控制有效地提高了PEBS法的解算效益。     

Power system transient stability margin estimation using neural networks

This paper proposes a methodology for estimating a normalized power system transient stability margin (ΔV_n) using multi-layered perceptron (MLP) neural network with a fast training approach. The nonlinear mapping relation between the ΔV_n and operating conditions of the power system is established using the MLP neural network. The potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method along with a time-domain simulation technique is used to obtain the training set of the neural network. Results on the New England 10-machine 39-bus system demonstrate that the proposed method provides a fast and accurate tool to evaluate online power system transient stability with acceptable accuracy. In addition, based on the examination of generators rotor angles after faults, a method is presented to select the power system operating conditions that most effect the ΔV_n for each fault.     

综合考虑负荷增长和多预想故障的静态电压失稳预防控制策略

提出的综合的静态电压失稳预防控制策略以最小控制代价为目标,综合考虑了负荷增长方式和多预想故障条件下的静态电压稳定裕度约束对系统静态电压稳定性的影响。该策略分2步进行:首先考虑负荷增长的影响,若系统在未来运行点不满足静稳指标,则找出系统的薄弱区域和负荷最安全变化方向,在此方向进行合理的无功补偿;其次考虑多预想故障条件下系统的静态电压稳定裕度约束,并引入关键故障集的概念求解计算优化策略,施加控制措施后再进行扫描确定新的关键故障集,循环直至对所有故障都满足裕度要求。IEEE-39节点算例证明了该综合预防控制策略的有效性。     

Enhancement of transient stability by fuzzy logic-controlled SMES considering communication delay

This paper presents a fuzzy logic-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for the enhancement of transient stability in a multi-machine power system. The control scheme of SMES is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converter (VSC) and a two-quadrant DC–DC chopper using gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristor. Total kinetic energy deviation (TKED) of the synchronous generators is used as the fuzzy input for SMES control. Communication delays introduced in online calculation of the TKED are considered for the actual analysis of transient stability. Global positioning system (GPS) is proposed for the practical implementation of the calculation of the TKED. Simulation results of balanced fault at different points in a multi-machine power system show that the proposed fuzzy logic-controlled SMES is an effective device for transient stability enhancement of multi-machine power system. Moreover, the transient stability performance is effected by the communication delay.     

基于灵敏度分析和时域仿真的暂态稳定预防控制优化方法

根据临界切除时间灵敏度将暂态稳定约束条件线性化,简化了考虑暂态稳定约束的最优潮流(TSCOPF)问题的求解过程,为暂态稳定预防控制优化问题提供了一种新的解决方案。针对大系统临界切除时间灵敏度计算费时的实际问题,采用线路有功功率灵敏度筛选待调发电机的方法和并行计算技术以提高计算效率。WSCC 9节点系统标准算例和SGCC 9 177节点电网算例的仿真结果表明,所提方法具备良好的优化效果和工程实用性。     

暂态能量函数的动力学机制

本文分析了全阶Ｐａｒｋ模型下同步发电机机电暂态能量转换机制，为暂态能量函数法成功地应用于详细模型下多机电力系统暂态稳定分析之中奠定了物理基础。同时也阐明了用参变量法构造暂态能量函数的局限性。     

Enhancing small‐signal and transient stability performances in power systems with integrated energy function and functional sensitivity

Small‐signal and transient stability of a power system can be improved by installing power system stabilizers (PSSs) inside the excitation controls of the generators. Nonetheless, designing and tuning the PSSs' parameters to suit all operating conditions is a complex and difficult task. Therefore, a new control scheme integrating the principles of the energy function and the functional sensitivity is proposed in this paper. The performance of this control scheme in terms of critical clearing time, simulated dynamic responses, and power oscillation damping was examined using the IEEJ West 10‐ machine test system. Test results reveal that the proposed scheme can improve both small‐signal and transient stability performances under various operating conditions and contingencies. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计及系统连锁故障风险的电网预防控制

电网连锁故障控制策略一般根据选定的运行条件和故障状态,采用确定性的安全校验方法进行预防控制,忽略了系统中存在的不确定因素,并且人为选定的故障方式难以完全反映系统动态特性。考虑初始故障、继电保护动作等不确定因素的影响,计及故障后元件运行状态变化对后续故障的影响,进行连锁故障的预防控制。建立了基于贝叶斯网络的连锁反应故障概率分析模型,对故障进行筛选和识别。根据系统故障发展过程中连锁故障搜索和分析情况,提出以连锁故障风险最小为目标的预防控制方法。针对IEEE30节点系统的故障演化路径求取预防控制措施,仿真结果表明控制策略能有效降低系统发生连锁反应故障的风险,预防连锁故障的发生。     

Preventive control based on complex-valued load-flow technique to avoid voltage instability in power systems

This paper presents a method for obtaining preventive control strategies based on nonlinear optimization for power systems which will incur voltage instability when load demand increases. An algorithm is proposed to determine an appropriate and effective control action taking into account the operating constraints to widen the margin between the present operating point and a voltage collapse point, thereby improving the system state. The method proposed here is based on a complex-valued load-flow technique using the Newton-Raphson method which has been developed already by the authors. Consequently, the preventive control algorithm also can evaluate the voltage instability in the event the present operating point becomes closer to the critical point and the system state becomes unfeasible at increased loading point. Further, in optimization, two-types of objective functions are introduced so that voltage stabilization and dissolution of constraint violation can be attained simultaneously. In addition, this paper discusses the extension of the proposed preventive control to the successive control method which carries out the control action to avoid voltage collapse while the load demand is increasing. Numerical examples for various model systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Rescheduling of power systems constrained with transient stability limits in restructured power systems

This paper investigates various approaches to relieve the transient stability constraint in restructured power systems. The approaches adopted fall into two broad categories: those based on eliminating the constraint in the least-cost way and those based on eliminating with the least possible rescheduling. The latter group can, on the other hand, emerge in the form of a pool-protected policy in which the bilateral contracts are rescheduled to maintain the stability or in the form of a contract-protected policy in which the realizable bilateral contracts are maximized while minimizing the rescheduling in pool market. Transient energy function (TEF) method is used as a tool to calculate the sensitivity of energy margin to the variations in the magnitude of generation and load. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by case studies on Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 3-machine 9-bus power system and on the 10-machine 39-bus New England test system and the results are compared. The results are also verified by time domain simulations.     

Stabilization of power systems by governor-turbine control

In this paper, the possibility of applying a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) via the governor-turbine system of a generating unit is studied for both single-machine and multimachine power systems. The results of analysis and simulation show that the conventional exciter-based PSS can be used in conjunction with the modern high-speed governor to suppress low-frequency oscillations in power systems. This arrangement of stabilizer possesses better robustness to the changes of power system operating conditions. Furthermore, in the environment of a multimachine power system, the control of PSS on the governor of every generator can be locally synthesized to stabilize the whole system, PSS design becomes much easier and simpler.     

基于网络局部暂态能量的TCSC控制策略的研究

大扰动下可控硅串联补偿装置控制策略的易实现性、对系统运行方式、故障状态、网络结构的适应性等问题是可控硅串联补偿装置能否实用化的关键。基于结构保持的多机系统的拓扑能量函数，在探索了系统故障后暂态势能在网络中的分布变化特点基础上，提出大扰动下仅依赖于本地输入信号的TCSC（可控硅控制串联补偿）的控制规律，不仅控制规律简单易行，而且在实际系统中的仿真结果表明了该控制规律的有效性。