Command governor‐based adaptive control for dynamical systems with matched and unmatched uncertainties

In this paper, we propose a command governor‐based adaptive control architecture for stabilizing uncertain dynamical systems with not only matched but also unmatched uncertainties and achieving the desired command following performance of a user‐defined subset of the accessible states. In our proposed solution, online least‐squares solutions for the matched and unmatched parameters are obtained through integration method and they are employed in the adaptive control framework. Specifically, the matched uncertainty is identified and its effect upon the system behavior is entirely attenuated. Moreover, using the unmatched uncertainty approximation obtained through radial basis function neural networks, the command governor signal is designed to achieve the desired command following performance of the user‐defined subset of the accessible states. With this command governor‐based model reference adaptive control architecture, the tracking error of the selected states can be made arbitrarily small by judiciously tuning the design parameters. In addition to the analysis of the closed‐loop system stability using methods from the Lyapunov theory, our findings are also illustrated through numerical examples.     

基于最小二乘法的最优自适应电力系统稳定器

针对电力系统的强非线性特征及其运行过程中易受扰动的特点,采用基于系统辨识的自适应控制方法,通过选取合适的线性模型对典型的电力系统进行线性化处理,研究了对一般最小二乘法的改进,并结合最优自适应控制方法,设计出一种新型的最优自适应电力系统稳定器.在单机-无穷大系统中将其与传统的电力系统稳定器分别进行仿真.结果表明,在系统受到多种扰动时,这种最优自适应电力系统稳定器都能够有效地抑制低频振荡,使系统迅速恢复稳定运行,从而显示出了该最优自适应电力系统稳定器的设计具有理论研究和实际应用价值.     

Design of a nonlinear power system stabilizer using synergetic control theory

Electromechanical oscillations of small magnitude and low frequency exist in the interconnected power system and often persist for long periods of time. Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are traditionally used to provide damping torque for the synchronous generators to suppress the oscillations by generating supplementary control signals for the generator excitation system. Numerous techniques have previously been proposed to design PSSs but many of them are synthesized based on a linearized model. This paper presents a nonlinear power system stabilizer based on synergetic control theory. Synergetic synthesis of the PSS is based fully on a simplified nonlinear model of the power system. The dynamic characteristics of the proposed PSS are studied in a typical single-machine infinite-bus power system and compared with the cases with a conventional PSS and without a PSS. Simulation results show the proposed PSS is robust for such nonlinear dynamic system and achieves better performance than the conventional PSS in damping oscillations.     

Decentralized adaptive linear control of complex systems using relative deadzones

This paper aims to analyse the system stability when decentralized adaptive controllers are applied to multi-input/multi-output non-linear interconnected systems. The local adaptive controllers are designed based on linear models by employing relative deadzones. Using a small-gain-type argument, we can derive an M-matrix test condition for local stability. If the system to be controlled can be described by global Lipschitz functions, a global stable closed-loop system is obtained. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用LMI技术设计鲁棒电力系统稳定器

传统的H∞控制理论在电力系统中的应用有种种限制,线性矩阵不等式 (LMI)技术为多目标控制器的综合提供了新的途径。借鉴有极点区域配置约束的混合H∞ /H2 问题的LMI解法,设计了多目标H∞电力系统稳定器用于阻尼低频振荡。特征根计算与仿真分析表明,该控制器可在较大范围运行条件情况下向系统提供足够的阻尼。     

Reaching phase free adaptive fuzzy synergetic power system stabilizer

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy power system stabilizer is developed based on robust synergetic control theory and terminal attractor techniques. The main contribution consists in making the dynamic system insensitive to parameters variation. This aim is achieved using a new synergetic controller design such that power system states start, evolve and remain on a designer chosen attractor toward the equilibrium point therefore avoiding transient mode. Rendering the design more robust, fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unknown power system dynamic functions without calling upon usual model linearization and simplifications. Based on an indirect adaptive scheme and Lyapunov theory, adaptation laws are developed to make the controller handle parameters variations due to the different operating conditions occurring on the power system and to guarantee stability. The performance of the proposed stabilizer is evaluated for a single machine infinite bus system and for a multi machine power system under different type of disturbances. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed stabilizer in damping power system oscillations under various disturbances and better overall performance than classical PSS and some other types of power stabilizers.     

Robust decentralized PID-based power system stabilizer design using an ILMI approach

Thanks to its essential functionality and structure simplicity, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used by industrial utilities. A robust PID-based power system stabilizer (PSS) is proposed to properly function over a wide range of operating conditions. Uncertainties in plant parameters, due to variation in generation and load patterns, are expressed in the form of a polytopic model. The PID control problem is firstly reduced to a generalized static output feedback (SOF) synthesis. The derivative action is designed and implemented as a high-pass filter based on a low-pass block to reduce its sensitivity to sensor noise. The proposed design algorithm adopts a quadratic Lyapunov approach to guarantee α-decay rate for the entire polytope. A constrained structure of Lyapunov function and SOF gain matrix is considered to enforce a decentralized scheme. Setting of controller parameters is carried out via an iterative linear matrix inequality (ILMI). Simulation results, based on a benchmark model of a two-area four-machine test system, are presented to compare the proposed design to a well-tuned conventional PSS and to the standard IEEE-PSS4B stabilizer.     

A new decentralized retrofit adaptive fault‐tolerant flight control design

In this paper, we develop a new decentralized retrofit adaptive fault‐tolerant control design for a class of nonlinear models arising in flight control. The proposed adaptive fault‐tolerant controller is designed to accommodate loss‐of‐effectiveness (LoE) failures in flight control actuators and achieve accurate estimation of failure‐related parameters. The design is based on local estimation of LoE parameters and generation of local retrofit control signals to accommodate the failures. Using state‐dependent closed‐loop estimation errors, we show the overall system to be stable and demonstrate the tracking error to converge to zero asymptotically for any combination of actuator failures. Through computer simulation of F/A‐18 aircraft under actuator LoE failures, the proposed approach is also shown to achieve better parameter estimation performance compared to the fully centralized design and the design employing local observers and a centralized adaptive controller. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Damping enhancement of multimachine power system using adaptive generator control system with neural networks

The authors proposed a nonlinear adaptive generator control system with neutral networks for improving damping of power systems, and showed its effectiveness in a one-machine infinite bus test power system in a previous paper. The proposed neurocontrol system adaptively generates appropriate supplementary control signals to the conventional controllers such as the automatic voltage regulator and speed governor so as to enhance transient stability and damping of the power system. In this paper, the applicability of the proposed neurocontrol system to multimachine power systems is discussed. Digital time simulations are carried out for a 4-machine test power system, where one or several synchronous generators is equipped with the neurocontrol system. As a result, also in the multimachine power system, the proposed adaptive neurocontrol systems improve the system damping effectively and they work adaptively against the wide changes of the operating conditions and the network configuration.     

A decentralized control system for stabilizing multimachine power systems

A decentralized control system is studied for stabilizing multimachine power systems. A longitudinal power system with three areas, each having one machine, is considered in this study. A decentralized control design method is proposed, which is based on the optimal regulator theory. First a centralized control system is designed without any consideration on whether state variables are all available or not. Second a pseudo-decentralized control system is designed by omitting control gains corresponding to state variables which give hardly any effects on the power system stability. It is found that only one variable of phase angle of each machine is absolutely necessary for the pseudo-decentralized control system. This leads to an idea based on power system engineering, that is to say, new variables of tieline power flow are introduced in the decentralized control system design to substitute for the phase angle of each machine. Thus a decentralized control system for power system stability can be designed using the new variables of tieline power flow. It is demonstrated from simulation studies that the decentralized control system improves even longitudinal power system stability as well as the centralized control system.     

模糊电力系统稳定器的设计与实现

针对模糊控制系统具有多参数和非线性的特点，给出了一种基于Matlab的模糊电力系统稳定器快速设计开发方法，以克服传统的设计方法所具有的实现复杂且开发周期长等不足，简要介绍了如何由模糊逻辑工具箱和集成仿真环境Simulink来建立整个系统的仿真模型，由Real-Time Workshop将已取得满意仿真效果的模型转换为应用程序，然后将其下载到目标环境中运行，在线调整参数以达到最佳控制效果，从而实现快速原型开发，即可应用于实际系统。仿真结果表明所设计的模糊电力系统稳定器比传统的电力系统稳定器能更有效地抑制系统低频振荡。     

Decentralized control based on equilibrium point control for a three-machine electric power model system

Electric power systems have become larger and more complex year by year, and the number of decentralized power sources is rapidly increasing, Tberefore, to guarantee high reliability and security, decentralized control based on the decentralization of power systems needs to be developed. In this paper, a decentralized system is constructed by viewing the whole system from the perspective of the generator-bus with the largest power. Since the decentralized system is identified as a one-machine infinite-bus power model system with AVR and GOV, the equilibrium point control, proposed by the authors for a one-machine system, can be applied to it. Control inputs u_a · u_g for AVR · GOV are determined, and the equilibrium points of the decentralized system can be moved by changing the feedback gains. In particular, the unstable equilibrium point is set near the outside of the limiters for AVR · GOV, and stability in the limiters is guaranteed. Thus, it is shown that, by repeating the same steps for other generators, decentralized control for the three-machine model system can be attained. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electr Eng Jpn, 122(3): 28–36, 1998     

An adaptive control scheme using multiple reference models

This paper develops an extended model reference adaptive control scheme to expand the capacity of state feedback state tracking adaptive control to handle the plant‐model matching uncertainties for single‐input LTI systems. The extended scheme is developed, using multiple reference model systems (only one of which is required to be able to match the controlled plant), and multiple controllers (which are updated from adaptive laws generated from multiple reference model systems based estimation errors), as two key features of such design to relax a plant‐model matching condition. A switching mechanism is constructed using those multiple estimation errors, capable of selecting the suitable control input from the multiple control signals, to achieve the desired system performance. An aircraft flight control example is presented to show the capacity of such design in relaxing a practical design condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal robust adaptive fuzzy synergetic power system stabilizer design

A new particle swarm optimized robust indirect adaptive power system stabilizer is developed based on recently developed synergetic control methodology. Fuzzy systems are used in an adaptive scheme to approximate the system using a nonlinear model while synergetic control guarantees robustness and the use of a chatter free continuous control law which makes the controller easy to implement. In addition the controller parameters are optimized using PSO approach. Simulation of severe operating conditions of a power system is conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach while stability is guaranteed via Lyapunov synthesis.     

Autonomous decentralized system for torque control of high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor

An autonomous decentralized system (ADS) for the control of a high‐power permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) presented in this paper. The system decentralizes a centralized control system into several autonomous subsystems. Thus the power supply and power electronic devices of the control system can be replaced by smaller ones, thereby obtaining better fault tolerance of the system. The subsystems are connected only through the data field, which, in this paper consists of feedback elements and communication modules. This structure enables the autonomous controllability and autonomous coordinability of the system. The mathematical model of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed. This model takes into account the self‐ and mutual inductance of the coil, as well as the effect of the stator slot‐pitch angle. In addition, an autonomous algorithm for the torque control of the PMSM with decentralized stator coils is proposed, and the fault‐tolerance design is developed. Experimental results of the torque control and fault‐tolerance control confirm the validity of the proposed system. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一类时变互联不确定大系统的鲁棒分散自适应控制

研究了一类时变不确定大系统的分散镇定问题,其不确定性是范数有界不确定性和不确定性的界未知,且不满足匹配条件。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了两类分散自适应无记忆状态反馈控制,给出了系统状态渐近稳定的充分条件。通过数值例子验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于自适应全局滑模的电力系统混沌振荡控制

对电力系统的二阶模型进行了混沌振荡的动力学行为分析,包括时域波形图、相图的分析。把全局滑模控制与自适应控制结合起来,设计了自适应全局滑模控制器来抑制该二阶电力系统的混沌振荡。设计的控制器克服了滑模控制需要知道系统扰动上界的缺点,同时保留了滑模控制具有良好的鲁棒性的优点。在控制器中,采用了两种不同的自适应率来对系统的扰动进行估计,并对这两种不同的自适应率在控制效果上进行了比较。仿真结果验证了控制器的有效性和良好的鲁棒性。     

黑龙江电网投入电力系统稳定器(PSS)的稳定性分析

应用时域仿真计算和频域特征根计算方法,对东北华北联网前后黑龙江电网投入电力系统稳定器（PSS）对电网稳定性的影响进行了计算和分析。研究结果表明,在黑龙江电网安装PSS可以明显增强系统的阻尼,不仅提高系统的动态稳定性,而且提高了系统的暂态稳定水平,尤其对东北华北联网后电力系统的安全稳定运行起着至关重要的作用。现场试验证明,这一结论是正确的。     

基于分散控制理论的多机系统低频振荡抑制

常规的电力系统低频振荡抑制措施是在发电机励磁系统中加装电力系统稳定器(PSS),然而它在多机电力系统中的应用并没有充分的理论研究.将大系统分散控制原理应用于多机电力系统低频振荡抑制问题,只要分散阻尼控制器(DDC)的阶数足够高,分散闭环控制系统的低频振荡模态总可以在复平面内任意配置.分析了PSS与DDC的关系,论证了PSS是DDC的一种特殊形式,因而从理论上说明了DDC比PSS优越.将DDC的优化配置表示为一个带不等式约束的非光滑优化问题并用遗传算法求解.以新英格兰测试系统和我国西北电网为算例的计算结果表明,在发电机励磁系统中加装DDC是一种有效的低频振荡抑制新措施.     

A robust decentralized approach to the multiarea frequency control of power systems

It is an important problem in multiarea power systems to attenuate the frequency deviation due to load change. Since power systems are spatially dispersive, decentralized control is more practical than lumped control. In this paper, we propose two robust decentralized control schemes for this problem. The difficulty with this problem is that the linearized model of a multiarea power system with frequency deviations as outputs is a MIMO system that has a transmission zero at s = 0. They key idea is to change the output of one subsystem so that the resulting new plant does not have any zero at s = 0. The new outputs are chosen carefully so that the regulation of the new outputs can guarantee the regulation of all frequency deviations and tieline power. Further, parameter uncertainty is taken into account in the controller design to achieve robustness. Simulation shows that the proposed methods are effective. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 68–76, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10004