美国文化景观遗产的认定方法及其对我国的启示

文化景观是美国的一种重要的国家文化资产类型。为了使其更符合国家遗产登录制度的要求,国家公园管理局规定只有历史性案观才能被视为文化景观。文化景观的主要文化特征要有五十年以上的历史,要与美国历史上重要的人物、事件、设计倾向或是考古遗址有重要关联。围绕其遗产登录过程形成了一套完整的遗产认定方法。本文从遗产判别、评价与登录三个过程出发,对文化景观遗产认定过程中各步骤的重点进行了详细阐释。并指出了在中国文化景观遗产的认定工作中值得借鉴的几个方面。     

机场一种文化景观?

在20世纪,机场已被理解和设计为一种文化景观和独特环境。尽管机场在其演化过程中被各种批评家、建筑师和哲学家描述为是一种反景观,过时的"非场所"和反乌托邦,但总体上对机场和航空的理解已经与景观、环境、生态的概念紧密地交织在一起。机场被认为是一种文化景观和一种脆弱的容易被破坏的环境,这种观点引发且起因于对机场特定地点的景观设计,对野生动物的管理实践,在机场设计中纳入历史遗迹、以及以废旧机场的适应性再利用为目的的飞机跑道和其他特征的保护。尽管很多设计师把机场构想为新的标志性的高科技文化景观,其他设计师则认为机场破坏了现有的文化景观。机场作为文化景观的理念也因此总是与其周围的社会、经济和政治密切相关。这篇文章把机场作为景观的思想,融入到文化景观自身概念的变化解释中,这种理念在动力飞行诞生的那几年中,第一次在英美世界得到更广泛和准确的运用。     

特色认知与价值评估：西北地区历史村镇文化景观类型化研究#

从特色认知出发,透过文化景观视角,基于价值评估进行历史村镇的类型化研究,是掌握历史村镇文化景观典型特征并制定科学保护与发展对策的重要基础工作之一。借助层次分析法建构历史村镇价值评估体系,并以西北地区 324 个历史村镇为样本进行基于价值评估的类型化研究。根据评估结果将其划分为地理景观特色型、民俗景观特色型、建筑景观特色型、格局肌理景观特色型、历史人文景观特色型五种类型,在此基础之上解读其空间分布与景观特色,并提出相应的保护与发展建议。在厘清历史村镇典型特征与价值的基础上,为历史村镇文化景观保护和发展提供分类指导的现实依据,并资鉴其他地区历史村镇的规划建设实践。     

国土全域历史保护视角下南宁市域历史景观 基线图的构建及启示

空间规划改革进程中号召全域历史文化保护,象征从“文物遗产视角”转向“全域历史景观视角”,“景观方法”已逐渐进入历史保护领域并发挥有效作用。基于“景观基线”的研究方法,借鉴英国历史景观特征评估工具的经验,以广西南宁为例开展“市域尺度”的历史景观基线构建工作。针对南宁约2.2万km2的行政范围,基于Arc GIS平台构建历史景观信息数据库,从自然历史、乡村历史、城镇历史3个维度建立南宁市域的历史景观评估基线图并进行层积解译。该实践为中国全域历史保护的工作要求提供了构建历史基础信息数据库、完善全域历史景观体系框架、建立保护与开发的决策参考机制、增强历史景观的动态管理等方面的启示。     

Cultural Heritage of Roads and Road Landscapes: Classification and Insights on Valuation

Over time roads and their surroundings gained historic and cultural significance. This significance is oftentimes acknowledged and numerous roads and road infrastructure objects with their surrounding environment are listed and protected. Notwithstanding this, it is necessary to note that the ways in which roads, their surrounding environment, and adjacent objects can manifest heritage values, can be complex, and are not limited to historic roads or historic road landscapes. Different categories of these ways can be distinguished: road landscape can be recognized as cultural heritage, cultural heritage objects functionally related or unrelated to the road can exist in its surrounding environment, and roads can also be treated as cultural heritage objects in landscape. Understanding the dimensions of the cultural heritage of roads and road landscapes and analysing its values can be important not only to the environmental, technological, and cultural history, but also to the future-oriented heritage management and territorial planning fields. The article is aimed to present a framework for analysing the cultural heritage of the automobile roads and road landscapes consisting of the system for its classification and of identification of factors determining its cultural value and the categories of economic value it can provide. Assessment possibilities of these values are also shortly discussed.     

The cultural landscape of slavery at Kormantsin,Ghana

Kormantsin is a coastal town in Ghana with a ruined fort, a remnant from the Atlantic slave trade. Kormantsin is an important cultural landscape—of slavery. Landscapes of slavery are cultural landscapes because they involve poignant human history, significant land manipulation, and human perceptions/ideologies regarding land use and race. Kormantsin's cultural landscape is documented and discussed using images and accounts from 17th- and 18th-century travellers, and contemporary photographs and texts; the landscape image (including a fort) at the slave trade's zenith is ascertained, and it is suggested how landscape may have been used to facilitate the trade. The study reveals a pathway possibly traversed by slaves from this fort. It is determined that the fort's landscape has changed relatively little since the slave trade. It is suggested that this historic landscape be preserved for future use and interpretation.     

Geochemical Landscape Analysis: Development and Application to the Risk Assessment of Acid Mine Drainage. A Case Study in Central Sweden

Acid mine drainage containing toxic contaminants is a major cause of landscape degradation at numerous historic mine sites in Europe. Risk assessment of acid mine drainage and related polluted lands requires an approach that is able to study the complexity of pollution emissions and impacted landscapes. The objective of this paper is to link geochemical contaminant fate modelling and landscape analysis for the risk assessment of acid mine drainage along the source–pathway–receptor chain. A simple geochemical landscape analysis tool is developed using landscape ecology spatial analysis and geochemical modelling methods. A case study is presented for the analysis of geochemical landscapes in central Sweden. Results show that the method can be used efficiently for the risk assessment of toxic mine contaminants in the complex wetland landscape in the study area.     

The cultural landscape of slavery at Kormantsin, Ghana

Kormantsin is a coastal town in Ghana with a ruined fort, a remnant from the Atlantic slave trade. Kormantsin is an important cultural landscape—of slavery. Landscapes of slavery are cultural landscapes because they involve poignant human history, significant land manipulation, and human perceptions/ideologies regarding land use and race. Kormantsin's cultural landscape is documented and discussed using images and accounts from 17th- and 18th-century travellers, and contemporary photographs and texts; the landscape image (including a fort) at the slave trade's zenith is ascertained, and it is suggested how landscape may have been used to facilitate the trade. The study reveals a pathway possibly traversed by slaves from this fort. It is determined that the fort's landscape has changed relatively little since the slave trade. It is suggested that this historic landscape be preserved for future use and interpretation.     

以都江堰为例谈城乡历史景观的保护与重塑

以城市历史景观作为方法论,通过尊重赋有特色的原有城乡地脉,深刻挖掘独具特色的文化内涵,以重塑都江堰城乡历史景观的完整性、真实性与可持续性,为都江堰城乡历史景观保护奠定基石。     

Urban River Landscape Design Based on Regional Characteristics——A Case Study of Jinxi River in Hushan Town

River is an important resource for human survival and development, and also a material carrier for cultural inheritance. In recent years, with the further urbanization of China, more efforts have been devoted in economic construction, but protection of local ecological pattern and inheritance of historic context have been overlooked. Taking landscape design of Jinxi River in Hushan Town for example, local resources were analyzed on the basis of regional characteristics to explore the future development trend. Colorful traditional cultures of south Fujian should be introduced into the design of waterfront landscapes, so historic and cultural elements of south Fujian will be inherited and demonstrated in new means by combining with modern landscape design techniques.     

The Heritage of the Productive Landscape: Landscape Design for Rural Areas in the Netherlands, 1954-1985

In the current debate about the future of the Dutch countryside, more and more attention is drawn to the role of landscape heritage. Spatial designers are asked to translate historic identities into spatial forms in order to bridge the gap between past and future. Special cultural heritage policies are developed to stimulate a shift in design practice and to increase awareness of the value of cultural landscapes. Because interpretation of the rural landscape is often rooted in nostalgia, most conservation efforts are directed at old historical landscapes and rural scenes. But what about modern rural landscapes? How do these landscapes relate to the emerging issue of heritage protection and development? To answer this question the historical significance of these landscapes was examined by analyzing their design in the slipstream of post-war reconstruction. Attention was also given to their possible future in a planning and management context that is increasingly influenced by a public and professional demand for landscape conservation and heritage. We argue that these landscapes are at odds with the values and core convictions of the current heritage policies and merit recognition in their own right.     

Influence of Built Heritage on Sustainable Development of Landscape

The concept of sustainable development has influenced the evolution of many scientific and practical activities. An application of this concept to landscape, as a product and a field of interaction of human and natural processes, is possible and necessary. It is evident that concepts of landscape and cultural heritage are closely interrelated: cultural heritage can obviously exist in a landscape and influence it as well as landscape can be treated as cultural heritage. The interrelationship between these concepts makes possible the search for links between cultural heritage and sustainable development of landscape. Built heritage, the abundant category of cultural heritage encompassing historic buildings, their ensembles, and other structures, has an indisputable influence on landscapes and is crucial for their sustainable development. In order to determine the influence of built heritage on sustainable development of landscape, four main dimensions of sustainability representing the integration of human and natural processes (i.e. cultural, economic, environmental, and social) are distinguished and analysed in this paper.     

Changes and continuities in a Mediterranean landscape: a new interdisciplinary approach to understanding historic character in western Catalonia

To understand why historic landscapes changed in the past researchers need to identify when and where changes took place, but in rural landscapes, the origins and development of many historic elements including field systems, roads, terraces and other earthworks remain poorly understood. This paper outlines a practical interdisciplinary method using GIS-based historic landscape characterisation (HLC) to integrate data from different sources and model how historic character varies in space. It pilots an innovative approach using luminescence profiling and dating that can underpin the HLC with significantly improved knowledge of historic processes of change. We focus on four case studies of terraced agricultural landscapes in western Catalonia and demonstrate for the first time that existing terrace systems often have medieval or early modern origins.     

Senses of Place,Senses of Time: Landscape History from a British Perspective

Abstract

A vast and varied literature exists on the history and archaeology of vernacular landscapes, yet still heritage ‘value’ is often weighted towards the extravagant landscapes created by powerful elites. This article is concerned to bring the wealth of historic landscape and archival research closer together with recent theoretical writing on landscape and dwelling, by focusing on the early modern period in particular. Recent theoretical approaches open up creative space for thinking through the archival material and invites landscape historians to think in terms of movement and dwelling as essential to understanding landscape at the human scale. As this article attempts to show, this is by no means a one-sided dialogue; rather historical landscape research can inform theoretical work in new and productive ways. Bridging the gaps between research areas has the potential to enrich our understanding of everyday landscapes as heritage, created by ordinary people going about their day-to-day activities. The paper argues for the importance of recasting mundane, commonplace features of the landscape—roads, fields and boundaries—as an essential part of our social and cultural landscape heritage. Read in this light, the archival sources suggest that the meanings afforded to the extant remains of the past in the landscape were made through intangible heritage practices, customs, memories, naming, rituals and performances by ‘ordinary’ people.     

本土文化在丹麦现代园林中的传承

本土文化是地域景观生成的重要来源。除历史文化之外,生成本土文化的元素还有其他的可能吗?20世纪丹麦园林的发展例证了农业景观和专业传统的可能。文中将从特别限定的历史文化、农业景观和专业传统三个方面,探讨本土文化在丹麦现代园林中的传承。     

Understanding landscape change in a former brownfield site

The term palimpsest is sometimes used as a way of conceptualising historic cultural landscapes that have been subject to changes. This paper uses an expanded version of the palimpsest concept (a temporal collage intermingling memories with tangible and intangible elements from different time periods across a range of scales) to focus on a former military site on the Thames Estuary, which, after a period of dereliction, has been developed as a bird reserve. It examines different user interpretations of the present-day landscape in the light of its recent history and demonstrates how the physical traces and artefacts, the topography, memories and the relationship with the surrounding area all play a part in these interpretations. This landscape subverts a chronological reading and extends beyond the physical and temporal boundaries of the site enabling both the expert and non-expert to tell multiple and diverse stories with implications for landscape planning and design.     

德国历史文化景观要素体系构建对中国的启示——以德国萨克森州为例

历史文化景观是一种强调人地关系演变过程中历史层积的景观类型,是对现有文化景观构成体系的重要补充与完善.在德国,历史文化景观研究是文化遗产保护的关键切入点,同时也是空间规划的重要基础,德国各联邦州在该领域都具有丰富的实践经验.以德国萨克森州为例,系统介绍了该州历史文化景观要素体系的构建,包括景观要素的分析与提取、以要素体...     

Perception of Plants in Ancient Times and Their Use as Motifs Revealing Aspects of the Cultural Landscape in Side,Turkey

Landscape can be defined as a complex of human and natural interactions through time. Therefore, landscape identification requires a complete understanding of social, natural, economic, aesthetic and cultural values. Contributing to the aesthetic-visual integrity of the landscape, plants are a valuable indicator, recording the type and degree of the human – nature relationship over time. Our feelings, imagination and perception often contribute to the cultural dimension of the landscape and the role of plants in mythology can be used as a kind of linguistic code for helping to understand some aspects of cultural landscapes. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how a number of key plants were perceived in ancient cultures using some examples from the Mediterranean landscape and to use them to help to evaluate different dimensions of archaeological landscapes using the case of the ancient city of Side in Turkey. Multi-dimensional approaches in landscape evaluation which use symbolic meaning can generate valuable knowledge about cultural landscapes. This is precisely because cultural landscapes are the sum of biological, physical and cultural components, while plants as natural elements have bridged the biological and cultural dimensions.     

日本风景认知与景观保护体系的发展脉络

梳理日本风景认知形成与发展的历程,揭示日本景观保护体系经历了名胜、风致地区与美观地区、国立公园与风致保安林、历史风土、历史街区、文化景观、《景观法》、联合国教科文组织提出的城市历史景观等不同的发展时期。不同时期使用的关键语汇、技术手段反映了在民族意识觉醒和世界潮流的影响下,日本对风景的认知在不断进化发展。正是在认知不断发展的基础上,日本的景观保护制度才得以持续更新与进步。然而,因风景认知本身的文化根源所导致的问题与差别依然存在,日本未来推进景观保护工作和完善保护体系仍然面临挑战。     

基于叙事空间的文化景观保护研究 # ——以苏州木渎山塘街为例

我国文化景观保护的主流理论强调以人为本,通过挖掘情感记忆和历史价值,重塑地方认同,坚定文化自信。以往保护策略更重视景观空间的塑造,忽略其背后历史故事以及使用者的情感偏好,这是造成当前文化景观空间意义丧失的重要原因。鉴于此,本文以木渎山塘街为例,基于叙事空间理论,借助地图标绘解构文化景观物质、意识、情感层面的形态特征,重构文化景观的叙事空间,为传统文化景观的 保护研究提供一个新的视角与切入点。