Additive Manufacturing of Porous Structures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Applications

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have shown promising benefits in many applications. This has been enabled by the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM), which give the designers a large amount of geometrical freedom. In this paper, a novel design process of fused deposition modeling (FDM) combining both topology and infill optimization is introduced for AM of high performance porous structures. Tensile testing of FDM printed samples is first carried out to study the effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) samples. It is found that samples built perpendicular to the load axis are the weakest with a tensile strength of 29 MPa and Young's modulus of 1960 MPa. The materials properties are fed to the finite elements analysis (FEA) for geometrical topology optimization, aiming to maximize stiffness and reduce weight of those parts. Afterwards, an infill optimization is carried out on the topology optimized parts using different mesostructures such as honeycomb, triangular, and rectangular to achieve high structural performance. The results showed that triangular pattern with 50% infill density had the lowest developed stresses, less mass, and strain energy when compared to other structures. Optimum UAVs parts of a quadcopter are successfully manufactured, assembled, and tested.

     

A Secure Communication Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Mavlink is a lightweight and most widely used open-source communication protocol used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Multiple UAVs and autopilot systems support it, and it provides bi-directional communication between the UAV and Ground Control Station. The communications contain critical information about the UAV status and basic control commands sent from GCS to UAV and UAV to GCS. In order to increase the transfer speed and efficiency, the Mavlink does not encrypt the messages. As a result, the protocol is vulnerable to various security attacks such as Eavesdropping, GPS Spoofing, and DDoS. In this study, we tackle the problem and secure the Mavlink communication protocol. By leveraging the Mavlink packet’s vulnerabilities, this research work introduces an experiment in which, first, the Mavlink packets are compromised in terms of security requirements based on our threat model. The results show that the protocol is insecure and the attacks carried out are successful. To overcome Mavlink security, an additional security layer is added to encrypt and secure the protocol. An encryption technique is proposed that makes the communication between the UAV and GCS secure. The results show that the Mavlink packets are encrypted using our technique without affecting the performance and efficiency. The results are validated in terms of transfer speed, performance, and efficiency compared to the literature solutions such as MAVSec and benchmarked with the original Mavlink protocol. Our achieved results have significant improvement over the literature and Mavlink in terms of security.     

基于熔融沉积法的快速成形柔性丝材技术研究

目的研究柔性材料的熔融沉积(Fused Deposition Modeling,FDM)快速成形工艺。方法通过理论推导和实验研究的方法,针对柔性材料的FDM技术做了初步的探讨。结果柔性材料FDM工艺,相对于硬质材料来说,其进丝量需要更加精准的控制,进丝齿轮旋转角速度和打印速度、打印层厚呈正比关系,其比例系数取决于喷嘴直径、齿轮外径以及所使用丝材直径;同时,打印温度、打印层厚,尤其是首层打印间隙等工艺参数对于柔性打印制件的表观质量有更加重要的影响,这主要是因为熔融态柔性材料粘性较大所导致。结论现有硬质材料的FDM机器,需要作出适当的调整,才能更好地适应柔性材料打印。     

基于塑料微挤出成型的熔融沉积成型技术表面粗糙度研究进展

熔融沉积成型技术(FDM)是一种无模成型技术,易实现复杂模型的个性化定制,使得它在航空、汽车、医疗行业具有广泛、潜在的应用。同时FDM打印也是一种逐层打印技术,但制件表面粗糙,限制了它的应用。文中回顾了近10年来,尤其是近3年来在改进FDM表面粗糙度方面的研究现状和进展,并从制件后处理、软件控制、数学模型预测、优化工艺参数及结合其它成型技术等多方面论述了国内外关于FDM打印件表面粗糙度的改进方法及研究进展。     

Submarine Hunter: Efficient and Secure Multi-Type Unmanned Vehicles

Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to protect smart coastal cities has become a novel vision for scientific and industrial institutions. One of these AI technologies is using efficient and secure multi-environment Unmanned Vehicles (UVs) for anti-submarine attacks. This study’s contribution is the early detection of a submarine assault employing hybrid environment UVs that are controlled using swarm optimization and secure the information in between UVs using a decentralized cybersecurity strategy. The Dragonfly Algorithm is used for the orientation and clustering of the UVs in the optimization approach, and the Re-fragmentation strategy is used in the Network layer of the TCP/IP protocol as a cybersecurity solution. The research’s noteworthy findings demonstrate UVs’ logistical capability to promptly detect the target and address the problem while securely keeping the drone’s geographical information. The results suggest that detecting the submarine early increases the likelihood of averting a collision. The dragonfly strategy of sensing the position of the submersible and aggregating around it demonstrates the reliability of swarm intelligence in increasing access efficiency. Securing communication between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) improves the level of secrecy necessary for the task. The swarm navigation is based on a peer-to-peer system, which allows each UAV to access information from its peers. This, in turn, helps the UAVs to determine the best route to take and to avoid collisions with other UAVs. The dragonfly strategy also increases the speed of the mission by minimizing the time spent finding the target.     

CATIA曲面造型技术在小型无人机设计中的应用

探讨了利用CATIA软件完善的曲面造型功能,进行小型无人机产品设计的问题.建立了全机高品质的理论外形数字曲面,实现了重要结构件的三维参数化实体建模(如机身头锥、翼面和整流罩等),以及模具的快速设计.还介绍了将CATIA软件的一些特殊功能应用于无人机外形设计的问题,例如翼身整流罩的自动生成等.结果表明CATIA软件的应用为小型无人机结构设计和模具制造提供了良好的三维设计手段,缩短了研发周期,节省了研制成本.     

基于数控加工的熔融沉积成型精度控制

目的 为了提高零件熔融成型精度,提高零件的加工质量.方法 提出基于数控加工的熔融沉积成型精度控制方法,根据零件图纸利用计算机实现加工代码的自动编制,通过熔融沉积成型精度自学习,准确生成熔融沉积成型微调值,进而实现熔融沉积成型精度控制.结果 在相同的测试时间内,设计控制方法的控制偏度系数比对照组的低.结论 设计的控制方法...     

Minimizing Warpage for Macro-Size Fused Deposition Modeling Parts

In this study, we investigated warpage and corner lifting minimization for three-dimensional printed parts generated by macro-size fused deposition modeling (FDM). First, the reasons for warpage were theoretically elucidated. This approach revealed that the thermal deformation and differential volumetric shrinkage of the extruded molten plastic resulted in warpage of FDM parts. In addition, low adhesion between the deposited model and the heated or non-heated printing bed may intensify warpage further. As a next step, initial small-size and medium-size models were used to identify parameters to manage and minimize warpage in a way that would reduce material consumption and running time. Finally, a macro-size model was built to experimentally investigate and verify the technical solutions to minimize the warpage of FDM parts. In conclusion, an improved part with reduced warpage was efficiently produced after detailed consideration of thermal effects and adhesion force. Potential exists to widen the application scope of FDM technology in manufacturing for processes like thermoforming that involve mold core fabrication with heating. This technology, which has applications not only in mechanical engineering but also in related engineering fields, is convenient and could readily be applied to practical manufacturing industries.     

Direct Fused Deposition Modeling 4D Printing and Programming of Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Polymers with Autonomous 2D-to-3D Shape Transformations

Herein, direct 4D printing of thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method that enables programing of 2D objects during printing for autonomous 2D-to-3D shape transformations via simply heating is focused on. The programming process during printing is investigated through designs and experiments. The capability of programming SMPs during printing is illustrated by prestrain and bending capabilities, which are highly related to printing settings, such as nozzle temperature, print speed, layer height, infill patterns, and ratio of active parts in a bilayer structure. A nearly linear relationship for prestrain and bending parameters is experimentally revealed for different printing factors. Quantitative results are presented to be used as a guidance for designing complex 3D structures via 4D printing of 2D structures. Helix structure, twisting structure, DNA-like structures, and functional gripper are designed to demonstrate the potential of direct FDM 4D printing for creating complex 3D structures from simple 2D structures with advantages over traditional manufacturing methods. It is shown that, by removing the need for a layer-by-layer stacking process to achieve a complex 3D shape, FDM can promote sustainability via 4D printing of autonomous 2D-to-3D shape transformer structures with lower materials, time, energy, and longer service life.     

基于动态运动基元的微小型四旋翼无人机路径规划

针对微小型四旋翼无人机的路径规划问题,引入运动学习框架,提出了一种基于动态运动基元的路径规划方法。该方法通过对给定运动样本的学习提取出运动基元,并将学习结果推广到新的飞行目标,从而泛化出相应的运动轨迹。有障碍物的情况下,在已有学习基础上通过设计耦合因子规划出避障路径,然后将规划的轨迹点集提供给微小型四旋翼无人机完成路径跟踪飞行任务。该路径规划方法的可行性通过微小型四旋翼无人机不同目标点的飞行任务仿真得到了验证。仿真实验还验证了该方法在三维空间进行有效避障的性能。     

Investigating the shape memory properties of 4D printed polylactic acid (PLA) and the concept of 4D printing onto nylon fabrics for the creation of smart textiles

3D printing is an ever growing industry that provides many benefits to the advanced manufacturing and design industry. However, parts tend to be static, rigid, and lack multi-purpose use. Recently, a new technology has emerged that uses 3D printing to print parts with the ability to change shape over time when exposed to different external stimuli. This new technology has been called 4D printing. Creation of a new material that is capable of changing shape when exposed to different stimuli and possess the ability to be 3D printed can be a difficult and a long process. Due to this strenuous process, the potential of a common fused deposition modelling material, poly(lactic) acid (PLA), for use in 4D printing is investigated and the concept of combining PLA with nylon fabric for the creation of smart textiles is explored. PLA possesses thermal shape memory behaviour and maintains these abilities when combined with nylon fabric that can be thermomechanically trained into temporary shapes and return to their permanent shapes when heated.     

The influence of slicing parameters on the multi-material adhesion mechanisms of FDM printed parts: an exploratory study

ABSTRACT

The potentiality of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process for multi-material printing has not yet been thoroughly explored in the literature. That is a limitation considering the wide diffusion of dual extruders printers and the possibility of increasing the number of these extruders. An exploratory study, based on tensile tests and performed on double-material butt-joined bars, was thus conceived; the aim was to explore how the adhesion strength between 3 pairs of filaments (TPU-PLA, PLA-CPE, CPE-TPU) is influenced by the material printing order, the type of slicing pattern used for the layers at the interface, and the infill density of the layers below the interface. Results confirm the effectiveness of mechanical interlocking strategies in increasing the adhesion strength even when thermodynamic and diffusion mechanisms of adhesion are not robust enough. Besides, thermal aspects also demonstrated to play a relevant role in influencing the performance of the interface.     

化学气相沉积聚合制备聚溴代对亚苯基二亚甲基及其性能的研究

用化学气相沉积(CVD)聚合法制备了聚溴代对亚苯基二亚甲基(PPX-B r)膜,采用FT-IR和元素分析的方法证实了其化学结构。对膜溶解性和抗化学氧化性能的研究表明,聚溴代对亚苯基二亚甲基膜具有优异的耐溶剂性和抗化学氧化性能。对其热性能的研究表明,溴的引入使得膜的玻璃化转变温度降低,室温柔性增强,热降解性能与聚氯代对亚苯基二亚甲基(PPX-C)相似。与PPX膜相比,溴的引入对膜的亲水性能影响不大,而水汽渗透率明显降低,具有更好的防潮性。     

Materials,Processes, and Facile Manufacturing for Bioresorbable Electronics: A Review

Bioresorbable electronics refer to a new class of advanced electronics that can completely dissolve or disintegrate with environmentally and biologically benign byproducts in water and biofluids. They have provided a solution to the growing electronic waste problem with applications in temporary usage of electronics such as implantable devices and environmental sensors. Bioresorbable materials such as biodegradable polymers, dissolvable conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics are extensively studied, enabling massive progress of bioresorbable electronic devices. Processing and patterning of these materials are predominantly relying on vacuum‐based fabrication methods so far. However, for the purpose of commercialization, nonvacuum, low‐cost, and facile manufacturing/printing approaches are the need of the hour. Bioresorbable electronic materials are generally more chemically reactive than conventional electronic materials, which require particular attention in developing the low‐cost manufacturing processes in ambient environment. This review focuses on material reactivity, ink availability, printability, and process compatibility for facile manufacturing of bioresorbable electronics.     

聚对苯(撑)二甲基膜的化学气相沉积(CVD)聚合

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)聚合工艺制备的对苯撑二甲基聚合物可广泛应用在航天、航空、军工、电子、生物医学工程、控制系统、文物保护、纳米材料和磁性材料等诸多领域.综述了聚对苯(撑)二甲基系列膜的化学气相沉积聚合工艺和原理,介绍了底物温度和沉积舱压力等主要因素对膜沉积率的影响和膜的一些主要性能,并讨论了典型的Parylene N膜的光氧降解性能.     

Si(111) 衬底上3C-SiC的超低压低温外延生长

研究了发展一种Si衬底上低温外延生长3C－SiC的方法。采用LPCVD生长系统，以SiH4和C2H4为气源，在超低压（30Pa) ,低温（900℃）的条件下，在Si(111衬底上外延生长出高质量的3C－SiC薄膜材料。采用俄歇能谱（AES），X射线衍射（XRD）和原子力显微镜（AFM）等分析手段研究了SiC薄膜的外延层组分，晶体结构及其表面形貌。AES结果表明薄膜中的Si/C的原子比例符合SiC的理想化学计量比，XRD结果显示了3C－SiC外延薄膜的良好晶体结构，AFM揭示了3C－SiC薄膜的良好的表面形貌。