短暂前脑缺血再灌注对大鼠海马脑区脑源性神经营养因子蛋白及mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨短暂前脑缺血再灌注(transient forebrain ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)对脑源性神经营养因子(brainderived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)蛋白及mRNA表达的影响,为进一步探索大鼠海马CA1区神经元损伤机制提供新的思路。方法将雄性SD大鼠随机分为control组、sham组和I/R组,利用Western blot和荧光定量PCR分析I/R后大鼠BDNF蛋白及mRNA表达的变化;染色质免疫共沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation,ChIP)试验检测I/R后大鼠BDNF基因启动子上H3K27的乙酰化水平。结果与control组相比,sham组大鼠CA1和CA3区BDNF蛋白和m RNA表达差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。与sham组相比,I/R组大鼠CA1区BDNF蛋白表达显著下降(P <0. 001),而CA3区BDNF蛋白表达增高(P <0. 05);I/R组大鼠CA1区BDNF mRNAⅠ、Ⅱ和Ⅵ的表达均显著增高(P <0. 01),而mRNAⅣ的表达...     

雌激素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后的神经保护作用

目的探讨雌激素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注的保护作用。方法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,按照Zea-longa评分法测定脑缺血再灌注后神经功能评分及观察免疫组化染色标本。结果雌激素治疗组的神经功能评分及神经元损伤明显低于缺血再灌注组。结论雌激素对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤有一定的神经保护作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后层粘连蛋白表达的研究

目的探讨层粘连蛋白(Laminin,LN)在脑缺血再灌注损伤后的表达及其意义,为有效治疗缺血性脑病提供实验依据。方法以线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞的局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,采用免疫组化、2,3,5-氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)、H-E染色和神经行为相结合的方法,观测缺血再灌注侧大脑皮质内LN的表达、脑组织结构的变化。结果脑缺血再灌3h后,LN的表达较正常对照组明显下降,至再灌注24h降至最低点,于再灌注3d后开始回升。结论脑缺血再灌注后LN的表达先减低后回升,早期参与了血脑屏障的病理性改变,导致了继发性脑水肿损伤;稍后又参与了促使新生血管生成的过程。     

白藜芦醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注氧化应激损伤的影响

目的探讨白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Res)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注氧化应激损伤的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组,线栓法复制大鼠右侧大脑中动脉栓塞模型)、Res低剂量组(15 mg/kg,I/R+R1组)和Res高剂量组(30 mg/kg,I/R+R2组),于缺血2 h再灌注24 h进行神经功能缺损评分;化学比色法测定大鼠血清和脑组织中丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性;TTC法测定脑梗死体积;干湿重法测定脑含水量,HE染色观察脑组织的病理改变。结果与I/R组相比,Res能改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经功能缺失(P<0.01),降低血清及脑组织中MDA的含量(P<0.01),提高SOD活性(P<0.01),缩小脑梗死体积(P<0.01),降低损伤侧脑含水量(P<0.01),改善脑组织的病理变化,且呈剂量依赖性。结论 Res对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注氧化应激损伤具有良好的保护作用,其机制可能与清除自由基,减轻氧化性损伤有关。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-κB的表达及低分子肝素的保护作用

目的探讨低分子肝素在大鼠脑局灶性缺血再灌注损伤后核转录因子NF-κB的表达及其保护作用。方法选择健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、低分子肝素组,采用改良Longa[1]法制作大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,观察海马CA1区NF-κB的表达情况。结果再灌注后各时间点NF-κB的表达随再灌注时间延长逐渐增加,低分子肝素组核NF-κB的表达量低于脑缺血再灌注组。结论低分子肝素能抑制模型大鼠的核转录因子NF-κB的释放,减少梗死范围,具有脑保护作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后NF-кB的表达及低分子肝素的保护作用

目的 探讨低分子肝素在大鼠脑局灶性缺血再灌注损伤后核转录因子NF-кB的表达及其保护作用.方法 选择健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组,缺血再灌注组,低分子肝素组,采用改良Longa 法制作大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,观察海马CAI区NF-кB的表达情况.结果 再灌注后各时间点NF-кB的表达随再灌注时间延长逐渐增加,低分子肝素组核NF-кB的表达量低于脑缺血再灌注组.结论 低分子肝素能押制模型大鼠的核转录因子NF-kB的释放,减少梗死范围,具有脑保护作用.     

短暂前脑缺血再灌注对大鼠海马中脑源性神经营养因子启动子与组蛋白去乙酰化酶3结合的影响及其作用机制

目的 评价短暂前脑缺血再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)对大鼠海马中脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)启动子与组蛋白去乙酰化酶3(histone deacetylase 3,HDAC3)结合的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法 采用Pulsinelli四血管夹闭法建立SD大鼠的I/R模型(I/R组),同时设假手术组(Sham组)。尼氏染色法观察大鼠海马中神经元存活情况;染色质免疫共沉淀(chromatin immunoprecipitation,ChIP)法检测大鼠海马中BDNF启动子(Bdnf-p1、Bdnf-p2、Bdnf-p4和Bdnf-p6)与HDAC3的结合情况;qPCR法检测大鼠海马中反义脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor antisense,BDNF-AS)的表达情况。结果 与Sham组比较,I/R组大鼠海马CA1区神经元数目大幅减少,CA3和DG区神经元数目变化较小。I/R组大鼠海马CA1区中Bdnf-p1和Bdnf-p2与HDAC3结合...     

Sox11基因对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的 探讨Sox11基因对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)的保护作用及其机制,为CIRI的治疗提供新的靶点。方法 建立小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型和Neuro2A细胞氧糖剥离再灌注(oxygen glucose deprivation reperfusion,OGDR)模型,采用实时定量PCR、Western blot、免疫组织化学染色和免疫组织荧光染色技术检测Sox11在MCAO和OGDR模型中的时间和空间分布;Western blot法检测Sox11基因表达干扰后,OGDR模型中细胞凋亡和炎症反应等通路重要基因的表达改变。结果 Sox11 mRNA和蛋白表达水平在小鼠MCAO模型和Neuro2A OGDR模型中均显著上升(P=0.000 1～0.038 8);小鼠CIRI后,Sox11表达升高集中于海马体的海马齿状回(dentate gyrus,DG)区域;在OGDR模型中干扰Sox11表达后,凋亡相关蛋白Cleaved Caspase ...     

神经节苷脂对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨神经节苷脂对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用Ｐｕｌｓｉｎｅｌｌｉ的四血管闭塞法 制作大鼠急性脑缺血／再灌注模型,利用高压液相色谱法观察脑缺血／再灌注期间谷氨酸和γ－氨基丁酸含量的变化, 通过图象分析仪测定神经元的面数密度及神经节苷脂对以上指标的影响。结果缺血后谷氨酸和γ－氨基丁酸含 量明显升高,再灌注后降低,神经节苷脂可降低谷氨酸含量,与盐水对照组相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）,同时增加神经 元面数密度。结论神经节苷脂通过抑制谷氨酸释放,可减轻脑缺血再灌注期间脑组织损伤。     

依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护

目的探讨依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响和作用机制。方法制备SD大鼠MCAO模型,梗死2h后再灌注,并分为假手术组、生理盐水(NS)组、依达拉奉低剂量组及依达拉奉高剂量组,再灌注24h后检测各组脑组织SOD、MDA浓度。结果与假手术组相比,NS组SOD活性降低、MDA含量增加,有显著性差异;与NS组相比,依达拉奉低剂量与高剂量组SOD活性增高、MDA含量降低,且低剂量组与高剂量组相比有显著性差异。结论依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

Chrysin Protects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice through Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Inflammation and oxidative stress play an important part in the pathogenesis of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, resulting in neuronal death. The signaling pathways involved and the underlying mechanisms of these events are not fully understood. Chrysin, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid, exhibits various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of chrysin in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). To this end, male C57/BL6 mice were pretreated with chrysin once a day for seven days and were then subjected to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Our data show that chrysin successfully decreased neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes, compared with the vehicle group. The increases in glial cell numbers and proinflammatory cytokine secretion usually caused by ischemia/reperfusion were significantly ameliorated by chrysin pretreatment. Moreover, chrysin also inhibited the MCAO-induced up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), compared with the vehicle. These results suggest that chrysin could be a potential prophylactic agent for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury mediated by its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.     

The Role of CCL2/CCR2 Axis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Treatment: From Animal Experiments to Clinical Trials

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a member of the monocyte chemokine protein family, which binds to its receptor CCR2 to induce monocyte infiltration and mediate inflammation. The CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway participates in the transduction of neuroinflammatory information between all types of cells in the central nervous system. Animal studies and clinical trials have shown that CCL2/CCR2 mediate the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and a higher CCL2 level in serum is associated with a higher risk of any form of stroke. In the acute phase of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the expression of CCL2/CCR2 is increased in the ischemic penumbra, which promotes neuroinflammation and enhances brain injury. In the later phase, it participates in the migration of neuroblasts to the ischemic area and promotes the recovery of neurological function. CCL2/CCR2 gene knockout or activity inhibition can reduce the nerve inflammation and brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, suggesting that the development of drugs regulating the activity of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway could be used to prevent and treat the cell injury in the acute phase and promote the recovery of neurological function in the chronic phase in ischemic stroke patients.     

Exposure to AT1 Receptor Autoantibodies during Pregnancy Increases Susceptibility of the Maternal Heart to Postpartum Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that women with a history of preeclampsia have a two-fold increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in later life. It is not known whether or not this risk is associated with angiotensin II receptor type 1 autoantibody (AT1-AA), an agonist acting via activation of AT1 receptor (AT1R), which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to confirm the hypothesis that AT1-AA exposure during pregnancy may change the maternal cardiac structure and increase the susceptibility of the postpartum heart to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). In the present study, we first established a preeclampsia rat model by intravenous injection of AT1-AA extracted from the plasma of rats immunized with AT1R, observed the susceptibility of the postpartum maternal heart to IRI at 16 weeks postpartum using the Langendorff preparation, and examined the cardiac structure using light and transmission electron microscopy. The modeled animals presented with symptoms very similar to the clinical symptoms of human preeclampsia during pregnancy, including hypertension and proteinuria. The left ventricular weight (LVW) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in AT1-AA treatment group were significantly increased as compared with those of the control group (p < 0.01), although there was no significant difference in final weight between the two groups. AT1-AA acting on AT1R not only induced myocardial cell hypertrophy, mitochondrial swelling, cristae disorganization and collagen accumulation in the interstitium but affected the left ventricular (LV) function and delayed recovery from IRI. In contrast, co-treatment with AT1-AA + losartan completely blocked AT1-AA-induced changes in cardiac structure and function. These data indicate that the presence of AT1-AA during pregnancy was strongly associated with the markers of LV geometry changes and remodeling, and increased the cardiac susceptibility to IRI in later life of postpartum maternal rats.     

Study of the Role of the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor MerTK in the Development of Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in RCS Rats

Renal ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) triggers a cascade of events including oxidative stress, apoptotic body and microparticle (MP) formation as well as an acute inflammatory process that may contribute to organ failure. Macrophages are recruited to phagocytose cell debris and MPs. The tyrosine kinase receptor MerTK is a major player in the phagocytosis process. Experimental models of renal I/R events are of major importance for identifying I/R key players and for elaborating novel therapeutical approaches. A major aim of our study was to investigate possible involvement of MerTK in renal I/R. We performed our study on both natural mutant rats for MerTK (referred to as RCS) and on wild type rats referred to as WT. I/R was established by of bilateral clamping of the renal pedicles for 30′ followed by three days of reperfusion. Plasma samples were analysed for creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and for MPs. Kidney tissue damage and CD68-positive cell requirement were analysed by histochemistry. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and histone 3A (H3A) levels in kidney tissue lysates were analysed by western blotting. The phagocytic activity of blood-isolated monocytes collected from RCS or WT towards annexin-V positive bodies derived from cultured renal cell was assessed by fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS) and confocal microscopy analyses. The renal I/R model for RCS rat described for the first time here paves the way for further investigations of MerTK-dependent events in renal tissue injury and repair mechanisms.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脑缺血模型大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植后,在缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用。方法体外分离、纯化及培养MSCs。线栓法制备Wester大鼠脑缺血模型,经颈动脉移植DAPI标记的MSCs,通过激光共聚焦显微镜,分别在24h、5d及10d观察MSCs在脑组织内的迁徙及定居。采用三苯四氮唑活组织脑片染色方法,观察MSCs治疗对脑组织损伤的修复作用。结果MSCs经颈动脉移植后,在24h即出现在脑损伤区域血管内,第5天在血管周围组织内开始弥散,第10天在损伤区域可见广泛弥散。MSCs治疗20d后,脑片染色显示坏死区域减少。结论动脉移植MSCs后,MSCs首先出现在大鼠缺血性脑损伤区域血管内,然后在周围组织弥散,并可能参与损伤区血管及组织的修复。     

Methods of Attenuating Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent indications for liver transplantation. However, the transplantation is ultimately associated with the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). It affects not only the function of the graft but also significantly worsens the oncological results. Various methods have been used so far to manage IRI. These include the non-invasive approach (pharmacotherapy) and more advanced options encompassing various types of liver conditioning and machine perfusion. Strategies aimed at shortening ischemic times and better organ allocation pathways are still under development as well. This article presents the mechanisms responsible for IRI, its impact on treatment outcomes, and strategies to mitigate it. An extensive review of the relevant literature using MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus databases until September 2020 was conducted. Only full-text articles written in English were included. The following search terms were used: “ischemia reperfusion injury”, “liver transplantation”, “hepatocellular carcinoma”, “preconditioning”, “machine perfusion”.     

Neuroprotective Properties of Picroside II in a Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of picroside II on neuronal apoptosis and the expression of caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) following middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in male Wistar rats. Picroside II (10 mg/kg) was administered intravenously into the tail vein of the animals. The neurological function deficits were evaluated with the Bederson's test and the cerebral infarction volume was visualized with tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The apoptotic cells were counted by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The immunohistochemistry stain and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the expressions of caspase-3 and PARP in brain tissue. The results indicated that rats in the control group showed neurological function deficit and cerebral infarction in ischemic hemisphere after two hours ischemia followed by 22 hours reperfusion. Caspase-3 and PARP expressions were also profound in the cortex, the striatum and the hippocampus, along with increased apoptotic cells in this group. Bederson's score, infarction volume, and expressions of caspase-3 and PARP, as well as apoptosis in the treatment group were, however, significantly decreased compared to those in the control group indicating that intravenous treatment with picroside II might be beneficial to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and, thus, to improve the neurological function of rats upon cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.     

Localization and Maintenance of Engrafted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Administered via Renal Artery in Kidneys with Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a potential therapeutic tool for preventing the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we investigated the localization and maintenance of engrafted human bone marrow-derived MSCs in rats subjected to a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and compared the effectiveness of two intravascular injection routes via the renal artery or inferior vena cava. Renal artery injection of MSCs was more effective than intravenous injection at reducing IRI-induced renal fibrosis. Additionally, MSCs injected through the renal artery persisted in injured kidneys for over 21 days, whereas MSCs injected through the inferior vena cava survived for less than 7 days. This difference may be attributed to the antifibrotic effects of MSCs. Interestingly, MSCs injected through the renal artery were localized primarily in glomeruli until day 3 post-IRI, and they decreased in number thereafter. In contrast, the number of MSCs localized in tubular walls, and the interstitium increased gradually until day 21 post-IRI. This localization change may be related to areas of damage caused by IRI because ischemia-induced AKI leads to tubular cell damage. Taken together, these findings suggest renal artery injection of MSCs may be useful for preventing the progression of AKI to CKD.     

Exercise Pretreatment Promotes Mitochondrial Dynamic Protein OPA1 Expression after Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Exercise training is a neuroprotective strategy in cerebral ischemic injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise pretreatment on the expression of mitochondrial dynamic proteins. We examined the expression of OPA1/DLP1/MFF/Mfn1/Mfn2, which regulatesmitochondrial fusion and fission, and cytochrome C oxidase subunits (COX subunits), which regulatemitochondrial functions, after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated as indices of brain edema after ischemia as well. Treadmill training pretreatment increased the expression levels of OPA1 and COXII/III/IV and alleviated brain edema, indicating that exercise pretreatment provided neuroprotection in cerebral ischemic injury via the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and functions.     

大鼠急性脊髓损伤后热休克蛋白47基因mRNA的转录水平

目的探讨大鼠急性脊髓损伤(Spinal cord injury,SCI)后热休克蛋白47(HSP47)基因mRNA的转录水平。方法将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为1周SCI组、3周SCI组、5周SCI组和8周SCI组,复制钳夹型SCI模型,另设正常对照组和假手术组。分别在SCI后3d及每周进行BBB评分,并在1周、3周、5周和8周采用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠脊髓组织中HSP47基因mRNA的转录水平。结果SCI后,BBB评分低,随着时间的延长,评分逐渐上升;HSP47基因mRNA的转录水平明显升高,且在第8周升高更为明显。结论Wistar大鼠SCI后,HSP47基因mRNA的转录水平升高,提示其很可能参与了SCI的病理改变过程。