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51.
Bor -Yir Chen Wei -Hsiung Wu Jiann -Ruey Chen Chum -Sam Hong 《Journal of Materials Science》1995,30(9):2254-2256
The temperature dependence characteristics of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistors were investigated. The results indicate that as the temperature was increased, the threshold voltage and the field-effect mobility were first increased, and then decreased, which may be controlled by different mechanisms at low and high temperatures. In addition, if the temperature was higher than 420 K, the Fermi level was promoted to the degenerate-like states, the current channel always existed due to the temperature effect, and the threshold voltage became negative. 相似文献
52.
Richard D. Prosser 《Energy Economics》1985,7(1):9-12
Four models with different lag structures are used to express final energy demand in OECD from 1960–1982 as a function of real GDP and average energy price. The income and long-run price elasticities are not significantly dependent on the model specification, but the Koyck lag scheme, estimated in its distributed lag form, is found to give the most satisfactory results. The statistical properties of the data together with evidence of trends in the elasticities both suggest that the period of falling real prices prior to 1971 is not comparable to the present period. For the period after 1971, an income elsticity of 1.02 and a long-run price elasticity of -0.37 are obtained. 相似文献
53.
Double-step generation of ellipses 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The principle of double-step incremental generation of nonparametric curves on a discrete plane is used to develop a double-step algorithm for scan converting ellipses in sixteen separate segments. The algorithm iterates only half as many times as current algorithms, while each iteration demands the same number of operations or slightly fewer operations than M. Pitteway's (1967, 1985) algorithm (previously the fastest one). This marked gain in the speed of scan conversion is due to the fact that the middle pixel in a two-step increment is obtained without computation 相似文献
54.
55.
The behavioral response (e.g. changes in indoor temperatures, attention to window and door openings) to residential technical efficiency improvements (e.g. attic insulation, storm windows) is an important and largely unresolved issue. Although there is considerable discussion concerning the extent to which households take back some of the energy savings due to technical efficiency improvements in increased comfort, there is almost no empirical evidence on the subject.Detailed electricity billing data (from mid-1981 to mid-1983) were analyzed for 79 households that received financial assistance from the Bonneville Power Administration to retrofit their homes in mid-1982. The mean retrofit expenditure in these homes was $1900; the mean reduction in annual electricity use was 4700 kWh, of which 83% was due to reductions in space heating electricity use. Analysis of the electricity billing data suggests that these households increased their indoor temperature settings after retrofit by almost 1 °F on average. This temperature increase led to an estimated average loss of almost 600 kWh of electricity saving. In other words, roughly 10% of the energy saving due to retrofit was taken back in terms of increased comfort. These results concerning changes in indoor temperatures should be viewed cautiously because of limitations in the analytical method and the large variation across households. 相似文献
56.
R. James Maguire Richard J. Tkacz David L. Sartor 《Journal of Great Lakes research》1985,11(3):320-327
Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu3Sn+) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu2Sn2+) and n-butyltin (BuSn3+) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn3+ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu2Sn2+ and Bu3Sn+ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu3Sn+ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10?10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu3Sn+ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0–7 and 1.7 × I0–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment. 相似文献
57.
58.
A coupled-mode equation for anisotropic waveguide systems of arbitrary cross section and general dielectric distribution is derived. Numerical results comparing the exact calculations to those of the method of Hardy et al. (Opt. Lett., vol.11, 742-4, 1986) show that the same accuracy can be obtained not only for TE, but also for TM mode coupling in the case of anisotropic waveguides, and the improved coupled-mode theory is applicable to the situation when moderately strong coupling occurs under the condition where the edge-to-edge separation of two coupled guides D 2 is about 0.1 μm 相似文献
59.
Emmanuel O. Egbogah Richard A. Dawe 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1985,35(3):132-144
Recent studies have suggested the possibility of spontaneous emulsification as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The discussions have, however, remained essentially qualitative. A study was therefore undertaken to estimate quantitatively the contribution of spontaneous emulsification as an EOR mechanism. The tests were conducted on several bulk liquid/liquid systems as well as by displacement experiments in unconsolidated synthetic sand packs. Spontaneous emulsification was found to be a mechanism for EOR: the estimated extra contribution to EOR due to this mechanism was found to be significant in laboratory scale displacement experiments. Tertiary recovery was always greater when spontaneous emulsification was evident than otherwise. Results of tests on bulk liquid/liquid systems indicate that the occurrence or absence of spontaneous emulsification can be correlated with the values of ‘partition parameter’. It may be concluded that higher oil recoveries may be achieved in chemical EOR processes where interface mass transfer (and the accompanying spontaneous emulsification) occurs. The evaluation of efficiency of residual oil mobilisation through the capillary number theory (with and without spontaneous emulsification) is also discussed. Displacement tests with spontaneously emulsifying systems showed that residual oil left behind a conventional waterflood was mobilised in a range of capillary numbers much less than that which applies to low-tension waterfloods. 相似文献
60.
The bubble eater is a device which can sense, capture, and recycle bubble gas in a bubbling fluidized bed. The theory describing the enhancement of reactant gas conversion are presented and illustrated by means of a numerical example. 相似文献