In Situ Characterization of Internal Damage in TRIP‐Steel/Mg‐PSZ Composites under Compressive Stress Using X‐Ray Computed Tomography

An experimental setup for in situ investigations under compressive stress using laboratory X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) was developed and successfully tested. Complete deformation curves can be taken. It could be shown that XCT scans are possible during brakes of the stopped in situ experiments. In this way the deformation behavior of defined sample regions can be investigated. This kind of experiments is well suited to investigate the deformation behavior of foams and other samples which are transferable for the X‐rays used. The compression of metal matrix composite foams lead to the cooperative collapse of connected cells. We observed deformation bands arising in regions of smaller cell wall thicknesses. The deformation was dependent on size, shape, and orientation of the cells under consideration. Obviously deformation bands start at bigger cells with a small cell wall thickness and some extension perpendicular to the deformation direction. The rising of this kind of deformation bands can be explained by the dramatic change of the stress distribution in the neighbor cells after the first brake of a cell wall.     

Constructing <Emphasis Type=Italic>n</Emphasis>-gram rules for natural language models through exploring the limitation of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law

The Zipf–Mandelbrot law is widely used to model a power-law distribution on ranked data. One of the best known applications of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law is in the area of linguistic analysis of the distribution of words ranked by their frequency in a text corpus. By exploring known limitations of the Zipf–Mandelbrot law in modeling the actual linguistic data from different domains in both printed media and online content, a new algorithm is developed to effectively construct n-gram rules for building natural language (NL) models required for a human-to-computer interface. The construction of statistically-oriented n-gram rules is based on a new computing algorithm that identifies the area of divergence between Zipf–Mandelbrot curve and the actual frequency distribution of the ranked n-gram text tokens extracted from a large text corpus derived from the online electronic programming guide (EPG) for television shows and movies. Two empirical experiments were carried out to evaluate the EPG-specific language models created using the new algorithm in the context of NL-based information retrieval systems. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the algorithm for developing low-complexity concept models with high coverage for the user’s language models associated with both typed and spoken queries when interacting with a NL-based EPG search interface.     

NM2:噪声地图和监测

噪声地图被公认是城市规划和管理的得力工具.不过它的可靠性和大众对它的信心在很大程度上取决于噪声地图是否可以通过利用噪声监测数据来校正和更新.此外,噪声地图应能反映因不断变化的交通情况而产生的噪声水平.通过回顾噪声地图在世界上在制作和应用上面对的问题,讨论其拥有噪卢监测功能的必要性,与作为协助决策者和广大群众做出合适决定...     

Causal Effects of Aroma Compounds on Royal Gala Apple Flavours

Volatile flavour compounds produced by Royal Gala apple have been identified by GC-MS. Major components were 2-methylbutyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl acetate, butanol, 2-methylbutanol and hexanol. Odour-port evaluation of the components separated by GC indicated that the first four compounds were important contributors to the aroma and flavour. Use of analytical sensory panels revealed that 2-methylbutyl acetate, butanol and hexyl acetate had the greatest causal effect on those aroma and flavour attributes considered important for Royal Gala apples.     

A Toxoplasma gondii Oxopurine Transporter Binds Nucleobases and Nucleosides Using Different Binding Modes

Toxoplasma gondii is unable to synthesize purines de novo, instead salvages them from its environment, inside the host cell, for which they need high affinity carriers. Here, we report the expression of a T. gondii Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter, Tg244440, in a Trypanosoma brucei strain from which nucleobase transporters have been deleted. Tg244440 transported hypoxanthine and guanine with similar affinity (K_m ~1 µM), while inosine and guanosine displayed K_i values of 4.05 and 3.30 µM, respectively. Low affinity was observed for adenosine, adenine, and pyrimidines, classifying Tg244440 as a high affinity oxopurine transporter. Purine analogues were used to probe the substrate-transporter binding interactions, culminating in quantitative models showing different binding modes for oxopurine bases, oxopurine nucleosides, and adenosine. Hypoxanthine and guanine interacted through protonated N1 and N9, and through unprotonated N3 and N7 of the purine ring, whereas inosine and guanosine mostly employed the ribose hydroxy groups for binding, in addition to N1H of the nucleobase. Conversely, the ribose moiety of adenosine barely made any contribution to binding. Tg244440 is the first gene identified to encode a high affinity oxopurine transporter in T. gondii and, to the best of our knowledge, the first purine transporter to employ different binding modes for nucleosides and nucleobases.