Evaluation of the HUT modified snow emission model over lake ice using airborne passive microwave measurements

The algorithms designed to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) using passive microwave measurements falter in lake-rich high-latitude environments due to the emission properties of ice covered lakes on low frequency measurements. Microwave emission models have been used to simulate brightness temperatures (Tbs) for snowpack characteristics in terrestrial environments but cannot be applied to snow on lakes because of the differing subsurface emissivities and scattering matrices present in ice. This paper examines the performance of a modified version of the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model that incorporates microwave emission from lake ice and sub-ice water. Inputs to the HUT model include measurements collected over brackish and freshwater lakes north of Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada in April 2008, consisting of snowpack (depth, density, and snow water equivalent) and lake ice (thickness and ice type). Coincident airborne radiometer measurements at a resolution of 80 × 100 m were used as ground-truth to evaluate the simulations.The results indicate that subsurface media are simulated best when utilizing a modeled effective grain size and a 1 mm RMS surface roughness at the ice/water interface compared to using measured grain size and a flat Fresnel reflective surface as input. Simulations at 37 GHz (vertical polarization) produce the best results compared to airborne Tbs, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 6.2 K and 7.9 K, as well as Mean Bias Errors (MBEs) of −8.4 K and −8.8 K for brackish and freshwater sites respectively. Freshwater simulations at 6.9 and 19 GHz H exhibited low RMSE (10.53 and 6.15 K respectively) and MBE (−5.37 and 8.36 K respectively) but did not accurately simulate Tb variability (R = −0.15 and 0.01 respectively). Over brackish water, 6.9 GHz simulations had poor agreement with airborne Tbs, while 19 GHz V exhibited a low RMSE (6.15 K), MBE (−4.52 K) and improved relative agreement to airborne measurements (R = 0.47). Salinity considerations reduced 6.9 GHz errors substantially, with a drop in RMSE from 51.48 K and 57.18 K for H and V polarizations respectively, to 26.2 K and 31.6 K, although Tb variability was not well simulated. With best results at 37 GHz, HUT simulations exhibit the potential to track Tb evolution, and therefore SWE through the winter season.     

Iterative multi-user detection and decoding for space-time block coding systems

1 Introduction Recently space–time coding (STC) techniques [1] are designed to combat fading in wireless links by utilizing multiple antenna systems, in which transmit diversity and coding gains can be exploited without sacrificing additional power and b…     

基于IFDMA-SIMO系统的信道压缩

高速数据传输IFDMA(interleaved frequency-division multiple-access)系统中,信道扩展将导致严重的符号间干扰,为此,根据IFDMA-SIMO(single-input multiple-output)系统特性,提出了一种新的基于IFDMA-SIMO系统的信道压缩算法。仿真和比较表明,该算法在保持多用户信号正交的基础上,能有效地抑制多径干扰。     

互联网通信技术的应用研究

介绍了互联网通信技术的特点、应用和发展,提出了一些新的方法,解决了互联网通信过程中的信息访问资源浪费、信息阻塞和信道负担增加的问题。     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内过冷沸腾传热特性的实验研究

以去离子水为工质,在进口压力为0.1～0.3 MPa、质量流速为200～1400 kg·m^-2·s^-1、热流密度为20～320k W·m^-2的参数范围内,对截面参数为50mm×2mm的竖直矩形窄缝通道展开了传热实验研究。实验获得通道内部工质由单相状态到过冷沸腾状态的传热过程曲线,将过冷沸腾段实验值与8个经验公式提供的预测值进行了对比与分析,采用相似原理以及回归分析法,建立了适用于竖直矩形窄缝通道的过冷沸腾准则关系式。研究结果表明,在竖直矩形窄缝通道内,热流密度对过冷沸腾传热具有主导作用;对于本实验的窄缝通道,Bertsch传热公式对于过冷沸腾段的预测效果相较于其他公式更好,本研究所建立的准则关系式与实验数据符合良好。因此,本研究建立的公式能够用于竖直矩形窄缝通道过冷沸腾传热系数的预测。     

透射型定时探测器

本文介绍了由微道板构成的透射型定时探测器,得到的飞行时间系统的时间分辨为280ps。并对进一步改善时间特性作了讨论。     

基于IMPSiamCAR孪生网络无人机目标跟踪算法

针对无人机进行目标跟踪时,目标存在尺度变化大、易受遮挡、相似物干扰等问题,在SiamCAR的基础上提出IMPSiamCAR算法。该算法使用改进的ResNet50网络提取目标特征,引入通道注意力机制使模型学习不同通道的语义信息,按特征的重要程度为通道分配不同的权重,使算法能更加关注存在跟踪目标的区域;再将融合后的目标特征送入区域回归网络进行正负样本分类、中心度计算及边界框回归;最后得到每一帧中目标的位置。在UAV123数据集与OTB100数据集上测试的实验结果表明,提出的算法与对比算法相比,有更高的跟踪精度与成功率,能较好地应对遮挡、相似物干扰、尺度变化等挑战;并且在VOT2018和UAV123数据集上进行实时性测试的结果表明,所提算法可以满足无人机实时性的要求。     

MC-CDMA系统迭代检测中的一种信道估计算法

在DS—CDMA系统中，联合译码的迭代多用户检测是克服多址干扰增加系统容量的有效方法。本文将多用户检测和译码相结合的迭代检测技术应用于MC—CDMA系统，其中，多用户检测器由串行干扰消除和其后的MMSE滤波器组成。文中提出一种时域信道估计作为迭代初始值的频域信道估计算法，比单纯的频域信道估计方法节约导频符号数量，并且由于信道估计性能的改善，加快了迭代检测的收敛速度。     

统计/判决电路在CDMA领域中的应用

传统的CDMA技术存在严重的多址干扰现象,使得信道的频谱效率不能达到最佳状态。分析了CDMA通信系统在信道中的性能,并根据香农公式和数字信号最佳接收的知识提出了统计/判决电路,在8分频的前提下,该电路可以在改进CDMA系统通信质量方面起到一定的作用,如改善系统信噪比,降低误码率,提高系统抗干扰性,改善通信质量。     

数字付费电视发展的几点思考

数字付费电视深受用户的喜爱,其最大的特点就是用户收看电视期间可以自主选择自己喜欢的电视节目而不受到广告的干扰,使人们由被动收看变为主动选择。根据陕西付费电视的特点和优势,浅析数字付费电视发展中存在的问题,并提出一些建议。