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71.
Chris Harty 《Building Research & Information》2005,33(6):512-522
An alternative approach to understanding innovation is made using two intersecting ideas. The first is that successful innovation requires consideration of the social and organizational contexts in which it is located. The complex context of construction work is characterized by inter-organizational collaboration, a project-based approach and power distributed amongst collaborating organizations. The second is that innovations can be divided into two modes: 'bounded', where the implications of innovation are restricted within a single, coherent sphere of influence, and 'unbounded', where the effects of implementation spill over beyond this. Bounded innovations are adequately explained within the construction literature. However, less discussed are unbounded innovations, where many firms' collaboration is required for successful implementation, even though many innovations can be considered unbounded within construction's inter-organizational context. It is argued that unbounded innovations require an approach to understand and facilitate the interactions both within a range of actors and between the actors and technological artefacts. The insights from a sociology of technology approach can be applied to the multiplicity of negotiations and alignments that constitute the implementation of unbounded innovation. The utility of concepts from the sociology of technology, including 'system building' and 'heterogeneous engineering', is demonstrated by applying them to an empirical study of an unbounded innovation on a major construction project (the new terminal at Heathrow Airport, London, UK). This study suggests that 'system building' contains outcomes that are not only transformations of practices, processes and systems, but also the potential transformation of technologies themselves. 相似文献
72.
73.
R. A. Borzooei M. Bakhshi M. Mashinchi 《Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications》2008,12(8):739-749
In this paper, we study the lattice structure of some fuzzy algebraic systems such as (G-)fuzzy groups, some fuzzy ordered
algebras and fuzzy hyperstructures. We prove that under suitable conditions, these structures form a distributive or modular
lattice.
This research partially is supported by the “ Fuzzy Systems and its Applications Center of Excelence, Shahid Bahonar University
of Kerman, Iran”. 相似文献
74.
This research investigates the utility of passive microwave remote sensing instruments to accurately determine snow water equivalent (SWE) over large spatial extents. Three existing Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) snow water equivalent algorithms produced by Chang, Tait and Goodison were evaluated for their ability to determine snow water equivalent in a snowpack containing substantial depth hoar, large faceted snow crystals. The Kuparuk River Watershed (8140 km2) test site on the North Slope of Alaska was chosen for its snowpack containing a think depth hoar layer and long history of ground truth data. A new regional snow water equivalent algorithm was developed to determine if it could produce better results than the existing algorithms in an area known to contain significant depth hoar. The four algorithms were tested to see how well they could determine snow water equivalent: (1) on a per pixel basis, (2) across swath-averaged spatial bands of approximately 850 km2, and (3) on a watershed scale. The algorithms were evaluated to see if they captured the annual spatial distribution in snow water equivalent over the watershed. Results show that the algorithms developed by Chang and from this research are generally within 3 cm of the spatially averaged snow water equivalents over the entire watershed. The algorithms produced by Chang, Tait, and in this research were able to predict the basin-wide ground measured snow water equivalent value within a percent error range from −32.4% to 24.4% in the years with a typical snowpack. None of the algorithms produce accurate results on a pixel-by-pixel scale, with errors ranging from −26% to 308%. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
Analysis on steady-state and transient heat transfer on a flat plate at the middle of a parallel duct immersed in He II was performed for bath temperatures from 1.8 to 2.1 K at 101.3 kPa. Two-dimensional computer code named SUPER-2D developed by the authors based on the two-fluid model and the theory of mutual friction was used. Steady-state critical heat flux (CHF) and the time lag from the application of a step heat input to λ transition, that is called a lifetime, were obtained numerically for various step heat fluxes and for the channel gaps from 2 to 20 mm. Effect of the gap restriction on the CHF and the lifetime were clarified. The solutions were compared with the experimental data for the ducts with the same structures and the corresponding conditions. They agreed well with the experimental data. The heat transport mechanism in the parallel duct was clarified. 相似文献
78.
A. F. Kurbatskii 《High Temperature》2004,42(1):79-87
The difference in the turbulent diffusion between the active (heat) and passive (mass) scalars in a thermally stably stratified medium is investigated. The axisymmetric problem is treated on the formation of a turbulent circulation flow above a heated disk and on the turbulent diffusion of a passive scalar (impurity) from a continuous surface source in a stably stratified medium. The results indicate that the thermal stratification causes appreciable differences in the coefficients of turbulent transfer between the active (heat) and passive (mass) scalars. This means that the assumption of the identity of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion of heat and mass, employed in conventional models of turbulence, produces significant errors in estimating the heat and mass transfer in a thermally stably stratified medium. 相似文献
79.
Yu. A. Radin I. A. Grishin T. S. Kontorovich O. B. Panshina A. V. Chugin 《Power Technology and Engineering (formerly Hydrotechnical Construction)》2006,40(2):113-119
Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of
flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine
units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW
upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced
stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace
boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer)
is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order
of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit
of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined.
__________
Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17. 相似文献
80.
Y. MURAKAMI K. TAKAHASHI R. KUSUMOTO 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2003,26(6):523-531
ABSTRACT The fatigue crack growth behaviour of 0.47% carbon steel was studied under mode II and III loadings. Mode II fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using specially designed double cantilever (DC) type specimens in order to measure the mode II threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔKIIth. The relationship ΔKIIth > ΔKIth caused crack branching from mode II to I after a crack reached the mode II threshold. Torsion fatigue tests on circumferentially cracked specimens were carried out to study the mechanisms of both mode III crack growth and of the formation of the factory‐roof crack surface morphology. A change in microstructure occurred at a crack tip during crack growth in both mode II and mode III shear cracks. It is presumed that the crack growth mechanisms in mode II and in mode III are essentially the same. Detailed fractographic investigation showed that factory‐roofs were formed by crack branching into mode I. Crack branching started from small semi‐elliptical cracks nucleated by shear at the tip of the original circumferential crack. 相似文献