Bridging process and structure through criteria

Scholars in design face two central challenges in design methods inquiry: firstly, to integrate process and solution, and secondly, to examine developmental junctures leading to innovation. With these goals in mind, we maintain that design criteria deserve greater attention and illustrate this position with a study of noted designers' use of criteria. The primary finding was that five criteria functions were considered during the design process. The study also explored potential relationships between designer variables (i.e., professional expertise and personality type) and criteria use.     

Effects of shear flow on long-ranged correlations,spinodal demixing kinetics,and the location of the critical point and cloud point

A derivation of an expression for the shear rate-dependent Ornstein Zernike structure factor is discussed, together with the resulting anomalous behavior of the turbidity. The predicted scaling behavior of the turbidity, comprising the effect of both temperature and shear rate, is in good agreement with experiments on binary fluids. Then initial spinodal decomposition is discussed, and an explicit expression for the time- and shear rate-dependent effective diffusion coefficient is derived, which shows all the typical characteristics of anisotropic light scattering patterns that are observed experimentally for binary fluids. Next it is shown that the spinodal is shifted linearly with the (bare) Peclet number for not too large Peclet numbers, whereas the cloud point is singularly displaced into the unstable region due to a shear now. This is in agreement with an experiment on a two-polymer/solvent mixture and binary fluid mixtures. It is argued that light scattering is useless to determine the location of the spinodal of a sheared system.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Review of The chemically dependent: Phases of treatment and recovery.

Reviews the book, The chemically dependent: Phases of treatment and recovery edited by Barbara C. Wallace (see record 1992-98403-000). While this book is ambitious, interesting, educational, and useful, it is also disappointing, repetitious, and incomplete. Because it tries to accomplish so much, it may appear to have succeeded too little. This book is organized around, and explicative of, several basic ideas which might have been controversial if not heretical had this book been published ten years ago. Section I, purporting to link specific "phases of recovery" to particular forms and functions of treatment, will certainly be useful for novice clinicians but falls short of its overstated goals and is thereby disappointing. Section II is a collection of moderately redundant chapters describing the etiology and treatment of substance abusers from the viewpoints of psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, ego psychology, and object-relations theorists and therapists. Section III focuses on cognitive-behavioral, self-help, and relapse-prevention treatments. Section IV is quite uneven in quality of writing and applicability of content, and could have benefited from closer editorial scrutiny or selectivity. The final section focuses on special needs of particular subpopulations of substance abusers: African-Americans, prison inmates, HIV/AIDS patients, persons who are homeless, those who have been sexually and physically abused, and others. According to the reviewer this is not the best book on substance abuse treatment, but it does present some clinically useful ideas and it is worth reading. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

用AIR-C2H2原子吸收光谱法测定镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量

本文主要简述与运用AIR-C2H2原子吸收光谱法进行镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量的测定，介绍了钴最佳测定条件及呈良好线性范围的浓度。同时对样品消化处理条件，在测定中样品的干扰因素进行了综合考虑，该方法具有很好的灵敏度，很好的重复性，干扰小，同时具有方法步骤简单，操作容易掌握等特点，对样品钴含量的测定，其相对标准偏差均小于1.0%（n=6），标准加入回收率均在97.0%～102.0%(n=5）范围内，结果表明，运用AIR-C2H2原子吸收光谱法测定镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量的分析，达到了实验室分析质量控制的要求，完全适用于镉镍电池正极浸渍液中钴含量的控制分析和样品系统分析。     

Direct Methods Optimised for Solving Crystal Structure by Powder Diffraction Data: Limits,Strategies, and Prospects

The ab-initio crystal structure solution by powder diffraction data requires great efforts because of the collapse of the experimental information onto the one dimensional 2θ axis of the pattern. Different strategies will be described aiming at improving the process of extraction of the integrated intensities from the experimental pattern in order to make more straightforward the structure solution process by direct methods. Particular attention will be devoted to the EXPO program. Some of its performance will be analysed and results will be shown.     

苯部分加氢催化剂失活原因的研究

探讨了环己醇装置苯部分加氢催化剂失活的原因，分析了失活机理，并结合实例——母液置换法解决催化剂的氮化物中毒。     

Formation of low-resistivity poly-Si and SiNx films by Cat-CVD for ULSI application

In this paper, bulk-Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are fabricated using the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (Cat-CVD) method as an alternative technology to the conventional high-temperature thermal chemical vapor deposition. Particularly, formation of low-resistivity phosphorus (P)-doped poly-Si films is attempted by using Cat-CVD-deposited amorphous silicon (a-Si) films and successive rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of them. Even after RTA processes, neither peeling nor bubbling are observed, since hydrogen contents in Cat-CVD a-Si films can be as low as 1.1%. Both the crystallization and low resistivity of 0.004 Ω·cm are realized by RTA at 1000 °C for only 5 s. It is also revealed that Cat-CVD SiN_x films prepared at 250 °C show excellent oxidation resistance, when the thickness of films is larger than approximately 10 nm for wet O₂ oxidation at 1100 °C. It is found that the thickness required to stop oxygen penetration is equivalent to that for thermal CVD SiN_x prepared at 750 °C. Finally, complementary MOSFETs (CMOSs) of single-crystalline Si were fabricated by using Cat-CVD poly-Si for gate electrodes and SiN_x films for masks of local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS). At 3.3 V operation, less than 1.0 pA μm⁻¹ of OFF leakage current and ON/OFF ratio of 10⁷–10⁸ are realized, i.e. the devices can operate similarly to conventional thermal CVD process.     

卤素置换反应用氯化锌催化剂的再生

研究了用于催化卤素置换反应后的氯化锌催化剂的再生方法。其过程包括：用石灰乳中和，沉淀出氢氧化锌，用氢氧化锌中和氯化锌废液至pH值为5—6，通入氯气氧化氯化锌废液中的有机物，蒸发至必要的浓度。     

Water‐soluble/dispersible cationic pressure‐sensitive adhesives. I. Adhesives from solution polymerization

Pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs) have long been a problem as sticky contaminants for paper recycling mills. The main problem associated with such stickies is that the PSAs in the waste papers deposit on the felts, press rolls, and drying cylinders of paper machines, and this creates problems with paper formation, reducing the paper quality and paper machine runnability. The annual cost of stickies to the U.S. paper industry is estimated to be about $600,000,000–650,000,000. To solve this problem, a series of cationic water‐soluble/dispersible PSAs have been synthesized by the free‐radical solution polymerization of butyl acrylate and [3‐(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride in ethanol. The PSA end‐use properties, repulpability in paper recycling, and the effects on the properties of recycled paper products have been studied. The cationic PSAs can be dissolved or dispersed in water if the cationic charge density in the PSA backbone is controlled, and so they do not deposit as stickies during recycling and papermaking processes. Because the PSAs are cationically charged, they can easily be removed from the papermaking system by adsorption onto the negatively charged fibers and fine surfaces. Furthermore, the adsorbed colloidal or dissolved PSAs have little effect on the final paper properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1624–1630, 2003     

Phase equilibria of quasi-binary systems consisting of multicomponent polymers 1 and 2. IV: Poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) systems

To confirm the reliability of the theory of phase equibria of multicomponent polymer 1/multicomponent polymer 2 systems (i.e. quasi-binary systems) and the method of computer experiment based on this theory (Brit. Polym. J., 23 (1990)285; 23 (1990)299; Polym. Int., 29 (1992)219), could point curves (CPC), two-phase volume ratios ( R ) and critical solution points (CSP) have been determined experimentally for the quasi-binary mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) (M¯_w = 647, M¯_w/M¯_n = 1.15; M¯_w and M¯_n, the weight-average and numberaverage molecular weights, respectively) and poly(propylene oxide) (M¯_w = 2028, M¯_w/M¯_n = 1.08; and M_w = 2987, M_w/M_n = 1.13). The hydroxyl end groups of both polymers were methoxylated in advance by the Cooper & Booth method (Polymer, 18 (1977)164). The thermodynamic interaction parameter between both polymers, χ₁₂, and the concentration dependence parameters for the above quasi-binary systems were determined by the method proposed in a previous paper (Brit. Polym. J., 23 (1990)299). CPC, R and CSP values calculated on the basis of the theory are in good agreement with the values determined experimentally.