A hybrid homogeneously weighted moving average control chart for process monitoring: Discussion

The sensitivity of a monitoring scheme depends on many factors including the variance of the charting statistic which is very important in the computation of the control limits. This paper discusses the computation of the variance of the recently proposed hybrid homogeneously weighted moving average (HHWMA) $\overline{X}$ scheme which was based on an incorrect assumption. The correct variance is used to evaluate the run-length characteristics of the HHWMA $\overline{X}$ scheme. It is observed that the incorrect variance has a significant impact on the sensitivity (or performance) of the HHWMA $\overline{X}$ scheme.     

Solutions to a combined problem of excessive hydrogen sulfide in biogas and struvite scaling.

The Woodman Point Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Western Australia has experienced two separate problems causing avoidable maintenance costs: the build-up of massive struvite (MgNH4PO4. 6H2O) scaling downstream of the anaerobic digester and the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels in the digester gas to levels that compromised gas engine operation and caused high operating costs on the gas scrubber. As both problems hang together with a chemical imbalance in the anaerobic digester, we decided to investigate whether both problems could be (feasibly and economically) addressed by a common solution (such as dosing of iron solutions to precipitate both sulfide and phosphate), or by using separate approaches. Laboratory results showed that, the hydrogen sulfide emission in digesters could be effectively and economically controlled by the addition of iron dosing. Slightly higher than the theoretical value of 1.5 mol of FeCl3 was required to precipitate 1 mol of dissolved sulfide inside the digester. Due to the high concentration of PO4(3-) in the digested sludge liquor, significantly higher iron is required for struvite precipitation. Iron dosing did not appear an economic solution for struvite control via iron phosphate formation. By taking advantage of the natural tendency of struvite formation in the digester liquid, it is possible to reduce the risk of struvite precipitation in and around the sludge-dewatering centrifuge by increasing the pH to precipitate struvite out before passing through the centrifuge. However, as the Mg2+/PO4(3-) molar ratio in digested sludge was low, by increasing the pH alone (using NaOH) the precipitation of PO4(3-) was limited by the amount of cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) available in the sludge. Although this would reduce struvite precipitation in the centrifuge, it could not significantly reduce PO4(3-) recycling back to the plant. For long-term operation, maximum PO4(3-) reduction should be the ultimate aim to minimise PO4(3-) accumulation in the plant. Magnesium hydroxide liquid (MHL) was found to be the most cost-effective chemical to achieve this goal. It enhanced struvite precipitation from both, digested sludge and centrate to the point where more than 95% PO4(3-) reduction in the digested sludge was achieved.     

Effect of acute increases in filtered HCO3- on renal hydrogen transporters: II. H(+)-ATPase

Adaptive increases in renal bicarbonate reabsorption occur in response to acute increases in filtered bicarbonate (FLHCO3). In a previous study, we showed that an increase in FLHCO3 induced by plasma volume expansion increased the Vmax for Na+/H+ exchange activity in renal cortical brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV), providing a potential mechanism for the adaptive increase in HCO3- reabsorption. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the increase in FLHCO3 induced by plasma expansion also stimulates the other major H+ transporter in cortical BBMV, the H(+)-ATPase. H(+)-ATPase activity was assessed in BBMV obtained from hydropenic and plasma expanded Munich-Wistar rats, using a NADH-linked ATPase assay. H(+)-ATPase activity was measured as the ouabain and oligomycin-insensitive, bafilomycin A1-sensitive component of total ATPase activity. Acute plasma expansion doubled single nephron FLHCO3, and this change was associated with a 64% increase in the Vmax for H(+)-ATPase activity, with no change in apparent Km. The Vmax for H(+)-ATPase activity correlated directly with whole kidney GFR and FLHCO3 (r = 0.68 and 0.72, respectively), and with single nephron GFR and FLHCO3 (r = 0.76 and 0.80, respectively). Thus, the mechanism for the adaptive increase in proximal tubular HCO3- reabsorption that occurs in response to acute increases in FLHCO3 appears to be related to increased activity of both H(+)-ATPase and Na+/H+ exchange in the apical membrane of the proximal tubule epithelium.     

New phenothiazine dyes and pigments

The synthesis of three new azaphenothiazine ring systems and an evaluation of their use as intermediates for new dyes and pigments is described. 2-Amino-5-bromopyrazine-3[4H]-thione (11) was prepared and converted to the novel 1,4,6,9-tetraazaphenothiazine ring system. The reaction of 4,5-diaminopyrimidine-6[1H]-thione (15) with 2,3-dichloropyrazines gave the isomeric 1,4,6,8-tetraazaphenothiazine ring system, another new heterocycle in this series. With 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline a previously unknown tetracyclic tetraazaphenothiazine ring system was isolated in satisfactory yields. The properties and reactions of these new heterocyclic systems are presented. Mixed nitric and sulphuric acids convert them to their 5-sulphoxides. Structural assignments were based on chemical evidence and their UV, IR, NMR and mass spectra. Mechanistic pathways to these compounds are also proposed.     

Computing surfaces invariant under subdivision

In this paper, we propose a general subdivision algorithm for generating surfaces. The algorithm has as motivation our earlier work on the design of free form curves where similar ideas were investigated. Here we describe some properties of uniform refinement algorithms for surface generation. A detail analysis of their properties will be given later by one of us.     

Coal liquefaction using a hydrogenated creosote oil solvent: H-atom transfer from hydrogen donor components in the solvent

The presence of hydroaromatic, hydrogen donor components in a coal-derived solvent is one of the more important factors in the successful operation of a non-catalytic coal liquefaction process. Various hydrogen donor species present in a hydrogenated creosote oil have been identified. Their rate of disappearance under conditions that are consistent with a short residence time coal liquefaction process has been used to rank the reactivities of the various hydrogen donors. 1,2,3,10b-Tetrahydrofluoranthene was found to be an exceptional donor while 4,5-dihydropyrene, the hexahydropyrenes and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene were found to be quite active. Sym.-octahydrophenanthrene and 2a,3,4,5-tetrahydroacenaphthene exhibited moderate activity. Tetralin and the four methyltetralin isomers were found to be unreactive under the coal liquefaction conditions employed.     

"Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception": Correction to Connine and Clifton.

Reports an error in "Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception" by Cynthia M. Connine and Charles Clifton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1987[May], Vol 13[2], 291-299). In the aforementioned article, Figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently transposed. The figure on p. 294 is actually Figure 2, and the figure on p. 296 is actually Figure 1. The captions are correct as they stand. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-23984-001.) Two experiments are reported that demonstrate contextual effects on identification of speech voicing continua. Experiment 1 demonstrated the infuence of lexical knowledge on identification of ambiguous tokens from word–nonword and nonword–word continua. Reaction times for word and nonword responses showed a word advantage only for ambiguous stimulus tokens (at the category boundary); no word advantage was found for clear stimuli (at the continua endpoints). Experiment 2 demonstrated an effect of a postperceptual variable, monetary payoff, on nonword–nonword continua. Identification responses were influenced by monetary payoff, but reaction times for bias-consistent and bias-inconsistent responses did not differ at the category boundary. An advantage for bias-consistent responses was evident at the continua endpoints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived stress management skill mediates the relationship between optimism and positive mood following radical prostatectomy.

This study evaluated relations among optimism, perceived stress management skills (PSMS), and positive mood in 46 men who had surgical treatment for localized prostate cancer. The authors found that optimism, PSMS, and positive mood scores were positively correlated. Positive mood was unrelated to demographic and disease-related control variables. In a hierarchical regression model controlling for PSMS, the relationship between optimism and positive mood became nonsignificant, whereas PSMS remained a correlate of positive mood. Results suggest that the relationship between optimism and positive mood may be mediated by belief in being able to use stress management techniques effectively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)