Formation and growth mechanism of TiC crystal in TiC_p/Ti composites

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｔｉｔａｎｉｕｍａｌｌｏｙｍａｔｒｉｘｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ(ＴＭＣｐ)ｈａｖｅｗｉｄｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｆｉｅｌｄｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｉｒａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｈｉｇｈｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｓｔｒｅｎｇ     

CD++: a toolkit to develop DEVS models

The features of a toolkit for modeling and simulation based on the DEVS formalism are presented. The tool is built as a set of independent software pieces running on different platforms. Not only are the main characteristics of the environment presented, a focus on its use is also considered by inclusion of application examples for a variety of problems. Many models can be defined in an automated fashion, simplifying the construction of new models and easing their verification. The use of this formal approach has allowed the development of safe and cost‐effective simulations, significantly reducing development time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of Lactic Acid Productivities at High Substrate Conversions in a Continuous Two-stage Fermenter With Cell Recycle Using Different Kinetic Models

The steady-state performance of a two-stage recycle fermenter with two different types (I and II) of configurations for staging was investigated numerically for the continuous production of lactic acid. In Type I the bleed broth withdrawn from the first stage is supplied to the second fermenter, and in Type II both filtrate and bleed broth from the first stage are introduced to the second stage. Using four different kinetic models taken from the literature, the effects of operating parameters on the overall lactic acid productivities and the overall substrate conversions are examined. At moderate conversions, productivities for Type I operation are found to be higher than those for Type II and for the single-stage system. In the case of high conversions close to complete consumption, Type II operation is more efficient than the Type I and single-stage systems. For 99% conversion and 40 kg m^-3 substrate feed concentration, productivities for Type II are predicted to be 14-74% higher compared to those for the single-stage system at the same bleed ratios.     

聚合物-金属界面相形貌的研究

环氧树脂在 Al 合金表面生成纤维状的界面相结构,其形成、发展和特征与树脂的体系、交联反应条件以及 Al 合金的表面状态有关。环氧树脂的基础相为颗粒状的超结构组织。聚合物界面相的力学破坏表现为纤维体的拉伸、变形和断裂,而基础相在纯剪切受力时出现在45°方向的裂纹,并发展导致连接层的破坏。     

火焰图像特征在火灾数字图像识别中的运用

火焰尖角数目和圆形度是早期火灾火焰的主要特征,本文主要论述了如何在数学形态学基础上,利用火灾火焰的两个特点判断和识别早期火情。实验中,对火焰的二值图像进行开运算,即先腐蚀,再膨胀,目的是为了对火焰图像进行形态学滤波,去噪。从实验结果可以看出,该算法可以很好的识别火焰和干扰源。     

Use of recycled copper slag for blended cements

Copper slag is a by‐product generated during smelting to extract copper metal from the ore. The copper slag obtained may exhibit pozzolanic activity and may therefore be used in the manufacture of addition‐containing cements. In this paper the effect of the incorporation of the copper slag in cement is measured. Blends of copper slag with Portland cement generally possess properties equivalent to Portland cement containing fly ash, but very different to the silica fume incorporation. Copper slag and fly ash reduce the heat of hydration more effectively than silica fume in mortars. The replacement of 30% cement by copper slag reduces the flexural and compressive strength in a similar way to fly ash; however, after 28 days, the reduction is less than the percentage of substitution. Hydrated calcium aluminate phases were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The pozzolanic activity of copper slag is similar to that of fly ash and higher than silica fume. In the presence of low water/cement ratios, certain pozzolanic materials produce a very compact cement paste that limits the space available for hydration products, a determining factor in the formation of hydrated calcium aluminates. SEM was found to be a useful analytical technique when aluminates are formed and can be clearly detected by XRD. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Morphology and structure of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) crystallized from dilute organic solution

The high-temperature crystallization of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) from dilute organic solutions was achieved through the introduction of a non-solvent, or precipitating agent, at the desired crystallization temperature. The morphology and crystal structure were examined for crystals produced from PPTA polymer with two different molecular weights (M_w = 46000 and 3430 g mol⁻¹), using transmission electron microscopy. For the high-molecular-weight polymer, ribbon-like crystals were produced, while the low-molecular-weight polymer yielded small needles or platelets. In both cases, electron diffraction showed that the Northolt allomorph was obtained. For the high-molecular-weight polymer, the molecular axes were parallel to the ribbon axes in a chain-extended type structure. A hypothesis for the orientation of the low-molecular-weight PPTA in the small platelets, is also given.     

Vital-Fluorochromization of Microorganisms Using 3′,6′-Diacetylfluorescein to Determine Damages of Cell Membranes and Loss of Metabolic Activity by Ozonation

Cell suspensions of Escherichia coli as a model for bacterial populations in wastewaters were treated with ozone as a disinfectant in a continuously operated pilot plant with a plug flow reactor. Suspensions with an initial number of CFU (colony forming units) of 10⁸ mL^?1 were ozonized with ozone concentrations up to 12 mg/L. Metabolic activities and membrane functions break down with increasing ozone concentrations. The fluorochromization using 3′,6′-diacetylfluorescein (FDA) proved to be a suitable method for the detection of an alteration in permeability of the cell membranes and an inactivation of metabolic activity. By fluorescence microscopic and photometric investigations it could be clearly demonstrated that, in the case of disinfection with ozone, inactivation of the cells includes first of all a damage of the cell membranes. In contrast to the determination of the number of CFU, fluorochromization allows the detection of alteration in metabolic activities.     

The As-prepared surfaces of C-axis-oriented Nd1Ba2Cu3Oy thin films characterized using scanning probe microscopes

Recently, superconducting Nd₁Ba₂Cu₃O_y (Ndl23) thin films with high superconducting transition temperature (T _c) have been successfully fabricated at our institute employing the standard laser ablation method. In this paper, we report the results of surface characterization of the Nd123 thin films using an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope/spectroscopy (UHV-STM/STS) and an atomic force microscope (AFM) system operated in air. Clear spiral pattern is observed on the surfaces of Nd123 thin films by STM and AFM, suggesting that films are formed by two-dimensional island growth mode. Contour plots of the spirals show that the step heights of the spirals are not always the integer or half-integer number of thec-axis parameter of the structure. This implies that the surface natural termination layer of the films may not be unique. This result is supported byI-V STS measurements. The surface morphology of the Nd123 thin films is compared with that of thec-axis-oriented Y₁Ba₂Cu₃S_y thin films. Surface atomic images of the as-prepared Nd123 thin films are obtained employing both STM and AFM. STS measurements show that most of the surfaces are semiconductive. The results of STS measurements together with the fact that we are able to see the surface atomic images using scanning probe microscopes suggest that exposure to air does not cause serious degradation to the as-prepared surfaces of Nd123 thin films.