毒品滥用流行病模型的稳定性分析

现有毒品滥用流行病模型假设吸毒者康复后对毒品拥有永久"免疫"力，而忽视了其再次成为毒品易感者的可能性。针对这一问题，通过考虑社区治疗和隔离治疗两种措施，分析了毒品滥用人群的演化过程，提出了基于暂时"免疫"力的毒品滥用流行病模型，并计算了模型的基本再生数，讨论了模型平衡点的存在性和稳定性。当基本再生数小于1时，模型存在一个局部渐进稳定的无毒平衡点；当基本再生数大于1时，模型存在唯一的地方病平衡点，并利用几何方法证明了地方病平衡点的全局稳定性；当基本再生数等于1时，如果满足一定条件，模型出现后向分支现象。数值模拟验证了上述所有结果。研究结果表明提高隔离治疗率、改善社区治疗效果和降低接触传染率可以有效抑制毒品滥用的流行。     

Floristic diversity with particular reference to endemic,rare or endangered flora in forest formations of Saïda (Algeria)

An evaluation and inventory study on the natural vegetation cover and its diversity was carried out on the forest vegetation of the district of Saïda. The floristic diversity of our study area revealed the existence of 397 taxa belonging to 64 families and 271 genera. The most important families are Asteraceae (42 genera), Fabaceae (25 genera), Brassicaceae (22 genera) and Poaceae (22 genera). The category of rare taxa represents 13% of the studied flora (52 taxa). In our study area, we have counted 35 endemic regional species of which 19 species are endemic Algerian-Moroccan, and 3 species are strictly endemic to Algeria. Among the taxa analysed, 02 are included in the IUCN Red List, and 12 are on the Algerian list of protected non-cultivated plant species.     

地方病高发区成井用胶质水泥浆的试验研究

通过地方病高发区成井用胶质水泥浆的试验研究，以普通水泥和膨润土为基本材料，同时添加改善材料性能的外加剂，研制了一种用于高砷、高氟、高矿化度地区水井成井的止水材料，具有流动性好、抗渗性高、不收缩、完全无毒、价格低廉等特点，特别是其高抗渗性和不收缩性非常适合地方病区成井时隔离劣质含水层，保证优质含水层与劣质含水层互不串通、不渗漏、不污染。     

云南威信地方病氟中毒的氟源研究

运用离子选择性电极（ISE）和X射线衍射分析（XRD）方法，对云南昭通威信地方病氟中毒区的氟源进行了研究．结果表明：威信县主采煤层刻槽样品中氟的质量分数均值为67．8×10^-6，低于中国煤和美国煤中氟的背景值；拌煤黏土和煤泥混合物中氟的质量分数很高，分别为2239×10^-6和863．3×10^-6（煤泥混合物是当地居民的主要燃料）；煤泥混合物在燃烧过程中氟的挥发率约为89％，拌煤黏土中氟是该地区地方病氟中毒的主要氟源．拌煤黏土中高含量的氟主要与伊蒙混层矿物、磷灰石、角闪石和钾长石等密切相关．     

Patterns of species richness and introduced species in native freshwater fish faunas of a Mediterranean‐type basin: the Guadiana River (southwest Iberian Peninsula)

In this study, we analysed the factors affecting species richness and introduced species component patterns in native fish faunas of 30 streams of the Middle Basin of the Guadiana River. From a principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression analysis performed on a data matrix composed of ten hydrological and biotic variables, we showed that: (1) fish species richness increased with stream length and watershed area, (2) the number of native species in a stream declined as channelizations and river regulation (constructions of dams) are higher, whereas introduced species increased in the same way, (3) the two main negative factors affecting native ichthyofaunas affected dissimilar ecological areas: channelizations, which depend on land‐use intensity of floodplain, mainly occurred in lower reaches of streams, but construction of dams mainly took place in upper sections of rivers, (4) the length of the remaining well‐preserved reaches in a stream appeared to be the only factor accurately predicting native fish species richness, and (5) native fish faunas of small isolated streams are more vulnerable to habitat alteration than those of large streams. Both isolation and fragmentation of populations were recorded, so the conservation status of native and highly endemic fish fauna of the study area is extreme. Protection of the few still extant, well‐preserved small streams and upper reaches, habitat restoration of channeled areas, and inclusion of the need for native fish fauna conservation in long‐term public planning of water use become a priority. Fish communities appear to be a sensitive indicator of biological monitoring to assess environmental degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地方病与地质环境关系研究的方法浅析

认识世界,改造世界首先要解决方法问题,地方病与地质环境关系研究涉及多个学科,不同于传统的水文地质、环境地质调查。它也不是单纯的病理研究,而是综合地质学、水文地质学、水文地球化学、医学、生物学的一项复杂的系统工程。这一系统的科学方法论问题包括研究的对象、理论工具、思维的形式与方法以及物质手段。现简要地介绍有关地方病与地质环境关系研究的科学方法问题以及几个相关的注意问题。     

Foliar epidermal anatomical characteristics of taxa of Iris subg. Scorpiris Spach (Iridaceae) from Turkey

Iris L. is one of the important genus of family Iridaceae, consist of 56 taxa naturally occurred in Turkey. The similarities and variations in the subgenus overlapping the taxonomic positions of the species in the subgenera and needs anatomical assessment especially by microscopic techniques. In this study, the taxonomic significance of leaf anatomical characters of 10 Iris subgenus Scorpiris taxa were studied in detail and the relationship among these taxa were evaluated using microscopy techniques. Fresh leaf samples of species were fixed in 70% alcohol solution for anatomical observation under microscope. Eleven different micromorphological features were statistically analyzed to delimit the species in subgenus. Based on morphological and anatomical similarities, we studied relationships among; (1) ssp. turcica, ssp. caucasica, I. nezahatiae and I. pseudocaucasica; (2) correlation between ssp. turcica and ssp. caucasica; (3) association of I. galatica, I. persica, ssp. margaretiae and ssp. stenophylla with each other; (4) relationship between ssp. stenophylla and ssp. margaretiae; and (5) relevance between I. aucheri and I. peshmeniana. Moreover, the taxonomy of subgenus Scorpiris has been discussed in detail with novel and diagnostic features based on micromorphological physiognomies. We found that four species in this study are endemic to Turkey, while seven are critically endangered geophytes in the country. The leaf anatomical characteristics of 10 taxa were divided into three groups. Main aim of this research was to study the taxonomy of the complex subgenus Scorpiris through microscopic techniques.     

“Bosom vipers”: Endemic versus epidemic disease

Epidemic diseases are defined by excess. They are dramatic and they attract attention. Endemic diseases, on the other hand, are regarded as “normal” and tend to be neglected. Yet it is clear that this contrast can entail inaccurate impressions of risk, as well as disparities in the imperative to action. This paper looks at two examples, one from the early modern period and the other from the 19th century. The earliest attempts in England to define excess mortality, primarily from plague, came in the form of parish registration, which led, in London, to the publication of Bills of Mortality. The first to analyse the Bills in order to define risk was the London tradesman John Graunt. The causes of death recorded in the Bills were a reflection of popular opinion, but Graunt used the process of aggregation to reveal mistaken ideas about the most notorious diseases, some of which were endemic rather than epidemic. He also regarded “chronical” diseases as the best measure of the healthiness of a city. In the 19th century, the centrality of plague was replaced by that of cholera, which has attracted much attention from social historians. Yet the case for public health reform was founded not on the random and comparatively isolated epidemics of cholera, but on the constant mortality caused by what were called the continued fevers, notably typhus and typhoid. The Benthamite sanitarians adopted an increasingly simplified, localist approach, which was at odds with professional opinion but was adjusted to the need both to increase popular understanding and to promote official action where it was most likely to be effective. When cholera receded, major endemic causes of death remained in the form of respiratory disease and infant mortality. Uncertainties and problems of identification and comparability persisted into the 20th century and beyond.     

六安市居民饮用水氟含量及改水工程现状调查与分析

通过筛查六安市居民饮用水中氟含量及改水工程现状表明,六安市五县三区居民饮用水中氟含量均值较低,仅为0.36mg/L,合格率达99.57%,舒城县饮用水中氟浓度最高,氟最高浓度达5.14 mg/L;六安市金安区饮用水氟含量超标率最高,达0.64%,其次是寿县,而金寨县和叶集区饮水中氟含量合格率最高,达100%;70个改水点引水主要方式是引水和打井,引水中氟含量均达到国家生活饮用水卫生标准;居民饮用水中氟含量过高现象已得到改善,但要及时采取措施预防龋齿;本次调查与分析结果可为六安市地方性氟中毒防治、地氟病区改水提供科学依据。     

Betula alba Bark Extract and Empetrum nigrum Fruit Juice,a Natural Alternative to Niacinamide for Skin Barrier Benefits

The Scandinavian region is home to a unique biome with endemic plant species. The aim of this study was to explore this natural diversity and identify plant extracts providing positive skin barrier effects. Six plant extracts were identified as starting material. Following biochemical screening, two candidates outperformed the rest: Betula alba (BA) and Empetrum nigrum (EN). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that BA and EN upregulated barrier genes, when used individually and in combination. Betula alba increased AQP3 and OCLN protein expression, something niacinamide was incapable of. Additionally, the skin barrier was strengthened, evidenced by inhibition of KLK5 and hyaluronidase and showed strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through DPPH and COX2 inhibition, respectively. A first split-face clinical study was conducted using the combination of extracts versus placebo. There was a significantly better skin restructuring effect and corneocyte cohesion on the side treated with combined extracts. A second split-face clinical study assessed the combined extracts versus 3% niacinamide. Significant variations in skin hydration and TEWL were observed in favor of the extract treated side. In conclusion, we identified a natural alternative to niacinamide for improving skin barrier health, in Scandinavian plant extracts, which yield strong performance, but at a lower concentration.