Laboratory Studies to Determine Suitable Chemicals to Improve Oil Recovery from Garzan Oil Field

Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated.     

Three-dimensional and anisotropic numerical analysis of a PEM fuel cell

In this study, the effects of cell temperature and relative humidity on charge transport parameters are numerically analyzed. In order to perform this analysis, three-dimensional and anisotropic numerical models are developed. The numerical models are integrated into the experimental values for anisotropic electrical conductivities, as depending on cell temperature and relative humidity, that were obtained from our previous study. The achieved results indicate that the values of current densities in the in-plane direction increase with increasing cell temperature and relative humidity, while the current densities reach a maximum in the rib regions for both the numerical model at the through-plane direction. The behaviors of electrolyte potentials are similar with changes in the cell temperature and relative humidity. In addition, the cathode electrical potentials in both the in-plane direction and through-plane direction do not change to a considerable amount with increasing cell temperature and relative humidity.     

三维石墨烯-碳纳米管/水泥净浆的压敏性能

为了探索三维石墨烯-碳纳米管(G-CNTs)/水泥净浆的压敏性能,采用四电极法研究了荷载作用下GCNTs/水泥净浆的电阻率变化,并分析不同G-CNTs掺量、加载幅度、加载速度以及恒定荷载对电阻率变化的影响。研究表明:随着G-CNTs掺量的增加,电阻率呈先减小后稳定的变化趋势,在G-CNTs掺量由0.2wt%增加至1.6wt%时,电阻率下降51.8%;电阻率与温度呈负相关;G-CNTs掺量高于0.8wt%时可以显著提高水泥净浆的压敏性能,且电阻率变化率与应力应变有明显的对应关系,1.2wt%G-CNTs掺量下试件的应力灵敏系数和应变灵敏系数分别为2.3%/MPa和291;G-CNTs/水泥净浆电阻率变化率幅值随着加载幅度增大而相应增加,其电阻率变化率曲线在不同加载速度以及恒定荷载作用下均与应力-应变曲线一一对应,具有良好的压敏特性。     

Transport properties in spinel ferrite/graphene oxide nanocomposites for electromagnetic shielding

Herein, $\left({\text{Co}}_{0.5}{\text{Ni}}_{0.5}\right){\text{Cr}}_{0.3}{\text{Fe}}_{1.7}{\text{O}}_4$/graphene oxide nanocomposites were fabricated by ultrasonication technique, using pure spinel ferrite and graphene oxide synthesized by sol-gel method and modified Hummers' method, respectively. The effect of graphene incorporation with ferrite nanoparticles was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical and dielectric measurements. XRD analysis revealed the spinel phase for the ferrite sample and confirmed the formation of graphene oxide. The crystallite size was found in the range of $37-43\text{ nm}$ and the porosity increased with the increase in the concentration of graphene oxide in the composites. The DC electrical resistivity of spinel ferrite was found equal to $3.83\times {10}^9\text{ Ω}.\text{cm}$ and it substantially decreased with the increase in the percentage of graphene oxide at room temperature. The real and imaginary part of relative permittivity followed the Maxwell-Wagner type of interfacial polarization. AC conductivity confirmed the conduction by hopping mechanism and increased on increasing the GO content. The coupling of magnetic ferrite with graphene oxide tunes the magneto-electrical properties for potential applications at high frequencies.     

Superradiant Emission from Coherent Excitons in van Der Waals Heterostructures

Recent advancements in isolation and stacking of layered van der Waals materials have created an unprecedented paradigm for demonstrating varieties of 2D quantum materials. Rationally designed van der Waals heterostructures composed of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and few-layer hBN show several unique optoelectronic features driven by correlations. However, entangled superradiant excitonic species in such systems have not been observed before. In this report, it is demonstrated that strong suppression of phonon population at low temperature results in a formation of a coherent excitonic-dipoles ensemble in the heterostructure, and the collective oscillation of those dipoles stimulates a robust phase synchronized ultra-narrow band superradiant emission even at extremely low pumping intensity. Such emitters are in high demand for a multitude of applications, including fundamental research on many-body correlations and other state-of-the-art technologies. This timely demonstration paves the way for further exploration of ultralow-threshold quantum-emitting devices with unmatched design freedom and spectral tunability.     

Agronomic performance of high oleic,low linolenic soybean in Tennessee

Soybean oil hydrogenation alters the linolenic acid molecule to prevent the oil from becoming rancid, however, health reports have indicated trans-fat caused by hydrogenation, is not generally regarded as safe. Typical soybeans contain approximately 80 g kg⁻¹ to 120 g kg⁻¹ linolenic acid and 240 g kg⁻¹ of oleic acid. In an effort to accommodate the need for high-quality oil, the United Soybean Board introduced an industry standard for a high oleic acid greater than 750 g kg⁻¹ and linolenic acid less than 30 g kg⁻¹ oil. By combing mutations in the soybean plant at four loci, FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B, oleate desaturase genes and FAD3A and FAD3C, linoleate desaturase genes, and seed oil will not require hydrogenation to prevent oxidation and produce high-quality oil. In 2017 and 2018, a study comparing four near-isogenic lines across multiple Tennessee locations was performed to identify agronomic traits associated with mutations in FAD3A and FAD3C loci, while holding FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B constant in the mutant (high oleic) state. Soybean lines were assessed for yield and oil quality based on mutations at FAD2-1 and FAD3 loci. Variations of wild-type and mutant genotypes were compared at FAD3A and FAD3C loci. Analysis using a generalized linear mixed model in SAS 9.4, indicated no yield drag or other negative agronomic traits associated with the high oleic and low linolenic acid genotype. All four mutations of fad2-1A, fad2-1B, fad3A, and fad3C were determined as necessary to produce a soybean with the new industry standard (>750 g kg⁻¹ oleic and <30 g kg⁻¹ linolenic acid) in a maturity group-IV-Late cultivar for Tennessee growers.