规则波作用下倾斜桩柱的受力研究

本文通过实验研究,测试了水平桩柱及倾斜桩柱在规则波作用下的波浪力。基于Morison方程和Stokes二阶波理论,分析研究了不同埋深情况下水平桩柱的受力及其水动力系数C_D、C_M随K_C数的变化规律;分析研究了不同倾角情况下,倾斜桩柱的受力及其水动力系数C_D、C_M随K_O数的变化规律,同时还探讨了在同一倾角情况下,桩柱在一端出水和全部埋于水下时,水动力系数C_D、C_M的差别。     

用于水下测量的二分力天平

本文介绍一种用于水下测量的二分力天平，天平采用内式悬臂梁双变形结构，把力和力矩的测量分开，避免了力作用点变化对测量结果的影响，天平设计和严格的加工精度保证了二分力之间干扰系数接近零，天平防水层采用了特制涂料，使用该天平在水洞中进行了单柱水动力系数测量实验，并将实验结果与已有的数据作了比较。     

HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES FOR OVERTOPPING SPILLWAYS

Expressions are derived for calculating hydrodynamic forces from the unit dis-charge,channel slope,and flow and velocity profiles on an overflow spillway.A sample prob-lem is included to illustrate the use of the ideas presented and magnitudes of hydrodynamic forcesfor a 50-foot-high embankment dam.     

波流联合作用下的物体上的波浪绕射力

本文研究了在波流联合作用下的任意三维物体的波浪绕射问题,建立了求解物体上的波浪绕射力的时域解理论模型。本文证明了对于任意三维物体,如果在自由面条件简化时,假设定常兴波势为有限量阶,则在波浪绕射力公式中,不存在含有绕射势的水线积分项。从数学上证明了水线积分项反映了自由面条件中定常兴波势和不定常势之间的耦合效应。在此基础上,本文提出了在波流联合作用情况下,作用在物体上的绕射力与辅助辐射势之间的关系式,从而不须求解绕射势便可得到绕射力。     

THE IRREGULAR BREAKING WAVE FORCES ON VERTICAL WALL

A method for the calculation of total horizontal wave forces by irregular breaking waves on vertical wall was developed by authors, which was based on physical model test, dimensionless analysis and assessment of real construction. The methods for the determination of pressure distribution of horizontal forces on vertical wall as well as u-plift forces on the bottom of wall are also given. The comparison between calculated results by this method and samples of real construction are very well.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TOTAL UPLIFT FORCES OF WAVES ON HORIZONTAL PLATES

The total uplift forces of waves acting on horizontal plates are the important basis for the design of maritime hollow-trussed structures. In this paper, an experimental study on the total uplift forces of waves on horizontal plates was conducted by a series of model tests. The results show that the maximum total uplift forces do not necessarily occur with the maximum impact pressure intensity synchronously. On the basis of the test results, formation mechanism of the total uplift forces of waves as well as its influencing factors were analyzed in detail, and an equation for calculation of the maximum total uplift forces of waves on plates was put forward. Lots of test data shows the present equation is in good agreement with the test results.     

直墙波浪力计算中几个问题的探讨

由于近岸波浪动力受地形等主要因素的影响变化剧烈,尤其伴随着波浪破碎,增加了直墙上波浪力确定的困难。直墙上波浪力的确定在现阶段仍以物理模型试验为主。然而,不同的研究者所得的结果往往差异较大。文中通过物理模型试验,对直墙上波浪力计算中几个常见的问题进行了进一步的研究和探讨,提出同时刻压强沿水深的分布型式主要有局部冲击型、均匀分布型和过渡型三种。分析结果可为直墙波浪力更为准确的确定提供依据。     

WAVE CURRENT FORCES ON THE PILE GROUP OF BASE FOUNDATION FOR THE EAST SEA BRIDGE, CHINA

On the basis of the two structures of the bridge foundation designed for the East Sea Bridge, the wave current forces on four types of oblique piles, the pile group and the single piles at different positions in the pile group considering the effect of the super structures were experimentally investigated. The relationship between the wave current forces and the associated wave parameters, and the comparison of the wave current forces on the pile groups and the single piles were systematically analyzed. The group effectiveness and the reduction coefficient for the wave current forces on the group were examined for engineering design.     

MEASUREMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON A CIRCULAR CYLINDER NEAR A PLANE BOUNDARY IN STEADY FLOW

In this paper,the characteristics of hydrodyna(?) forces on a circular cylindernear a plane boundary have been studied experimentally in w(?) tunnels.The drag coefficientC_D,mean lift coefficient C_(L0),T.m.s.lift coefficient C_(L Tms),maximum lift coefficient C_(L max) andfluctuating lift coefficients C'_(L Tms),C'_(L max),and lift(vortex shedding)frequency have been mea-sured on condition that the thickness of plane boundary layer,δ,was 0.1D(D is the diameter ofthe cylinder)at the station of the centre of the cylinder,and Reynolds number,Re,varied from4.5×10~3 to 1.76×10~5.The regularity of the change of these coefficients with Re and gap ratioG/D is found.The measurement of the lift frequency shows that a strong non-linear coupling ac-tion appears when the gap ratio between the circular cylinder and plane,G/D,reaches 0.5,andthe shedding of regular vortex is suppressed when G/D=0.2.     

斜坡上封闭水平板波浪上托力试验研究

波浪对平板的上托力是海上透空结构物设计的重要依据，不同布置形式的平板波浪上托力有不同的变化规律。本文通过系列模型试验，对斜坡上尾部封闭的水平板波浪上托力产生的机理进行了详细的分析和论述，认为影响其大小的直接因素与尾部透空情况相同，仍为几何因素、动力因素和空气垫层因素，但各因素对波浪上托力的影响程度发生了很大变化。试验结果表明，板下最大冲击压强与最大总上托力并不总是同步发生，其压强分布形式也不尽相同，应分别考虑。     

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF IN-LINE WAVE FORCES ON A PILE IN IRREGULAR WAVES

The probability distribution of in-line wave forces on a pile can bemathematically summed up to that of a theory and the assumption of wave period being constantare used and the above probability distribution is simplified to that of a single dimentsionfunction.The probability density functions of the peak values of total wave forces on a wholevertical pile in irregular waves are derived from that of wave height which is the Rayleighdistribution(deep water wave)or the Kerohovski distribution(shallow water waves)on the baseof the Morison Equation.The identification with experimental data shows that suchsimplification is successful.These distributions are compared with Weibull distribution andRayleigh distribution and the result shows that the shallow water distribution of wave forcesobtained here is the best one and can be used in practice.     

三维浮体二阶辐射问题的实时模拟

采用二阶时域理论对任意三维物体的非线性波浪问题进行了研究。对自由表面边界条件和物面边界条件进行了Taylor级数展开，Stokes摄动展开用于建立相应的一阶和二阶边值问题，而且此边值问题的计算域不随时间变化。使用基于B-样条的边界元方法计算每一时刻的二阶波浪场，二阶自由表面边界条件在时间上进行数值积分。在自由表面加一个人工阻尼层以避免波浪的反射。对二阶物面边界条件采用数学手段，推导出一个没有二阶空间导数的表达式，以便于计算。本文对强迫正弦垂荡和纵荡运动的截断圆柱进行了计算，讨论了漂浮结构的二阶水动压力影响，计算结果与已有结果十分吻合。     

沉入式大圆筒结构入土深度计算方法研究

沉入式大圆筒结构是一种适用于软土地基的新型港口与海岸水工建筑物。本文在由水平力和力矩平衡条件建立的入土深度计算方法的基础上，进一步考虑竖向力平衡条件，建立了沉入式大圆筒结构满足稳定性要求的新的入土深度计算方法。针对一工程实例的设计条件，研究了土性指标取值、波浪力大小和竖向力平衡条件对沉入式大圆筒结构稳定性(入土深度)的影响。结果表明，土性指标和波浪力对大圆筒结构的稳定性均有显著影响，且土性指标的影响大于波浪力的影响；当竖向力较大时，竖向力平衡条件对大圆筒结构的稳定性也有较大影响。建议在实际工程设计中，应准确选取土性指标，并采用考虑竖向力平衡条件的稳定性计算方法。     

固液两相流中颗粒受力及其对垂向分选的影响

在不同颗粒浓度条件下，通过考虑颗粒之间的相互作用，对固液两相流中的颗粒受力进行了分析。采用拉格朗日方法对颗粒在一维两相流中垂向运动过程进行了模拟。根据两相流中颗粒分选达到准稳定状态时的分选特征，探讨了作用于颗粒的各种力对颗粒的各种力对颗粒运动和分选结构的影响。推导出颗粒受力与颗粒分选机理之间的关系。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW OVER TWO CIRCULAR CYLINDERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENT

In this article,the 2-D unsteady viscous flow around two circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement is numerically simulated in order to study the characteristics of the flow in both laminar and turbulent regimes.The method applied alternatively is based on the finite volume method on a Cartesian-staggered grid.The great source term technique is employed to identify the cylinders placed in the flow field.To apply the boundary conditions,the ghost-cell technique is used.The implemented computational method is firstly validated through simulation of laminar and turbulent flows around a fixed circular cylinder.Finally,the flow around two circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement is simulated and analyzed.The flow visualization parameters,the Strouhal numbers,and drag and lift coefficients are comprehensively presented and compared for different cases in order to reveal the effect of the Reynolds number and gap spacing on the behavior of the flow.The obtained results have shown two completely distinct flow characteristics in laminar and turbulent regimes.     

THE STATISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRREGULAR BREAKING WAVE FORCES ON VERTICAL WALLS

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桩柱上破波力的特性分析

本文分析了破碎波对桩桩使用力的机制，认为破碎在静水面以上对桩柱的冲击力和静力面以下的绕流力的机制是统一的。在计算冲击力时，水的压缩性可略去；气垫效应对曲率半径小的桩柱不显著；用现今开发的破碎流场的计算结果，可简单地用动量原理估算破碎波对桩柱的冲击荷载。     

BREAKING WAVE FORCES ON VERTICAL CYLINDERS

The breaking wave forces on vertical cylinders in shallow waters were studied by means of experimental methods. The results indicate that the breaking wave pressure is distributed exponentially with respect to water depth. An experimental formula was given using the test data. Compared with test data, the calculated breaking wave forces are in good agreement with the test data.     

福建省近10年用水结构变化及驱动力分析

分析了1999~2008年福建省工、农业和生活用水等用水结构的变化及其驱动力因子。结果表明:福建省用水总量呈上升趋势,年均增加2.52×108m3;农业用水量及其所占比重逐渐减小,工业用水量及其所占比重递增,生活用水量增长缓慢,比重基本不变。用水结构的变化和全省产业结构变化相适应。耕地面积的减少和节水灌溉面积增加是农业用水减少的主要原因;工业产值的迅速增长和工业结构的调整共同促进了工业用水量的增加,工业用水重复利用率和万元工业增加值用水量水平的提高对工业用水具有负驱动作用;人口增长是生活用水逐年增加的主要驱动因子。     

Physical-scale model designs for engineered log jams in rivers

Stream restoration and river engineering projects are employing engineered log jams (ELJs) increasingly for stabilization and in-stream improvements. To advance the design of these structures and to evaluate their morphodynamic effects on corridors, the basis for physical-scale models of rivers with ELJs is presented and discussed. The prototype selected is the Big Sioux River, SD, chosen because ELJs will be used to mitigate excessive bank erosion. The underlying theory of physical-scale modeling and all primary and secondary scaling ratios are presented for two boundary conditions, a fixed- and movable-bed, given the experimental constraints of the intended facility. The scaling ratios for the movable-bed model sediment are relaxed, allowing for the use of typical experimental flows, facilities, and materials. Proposed ELJ designs are based on proven field installations, and these structures also are scaled to natural timber dimensions to be used in the prototype. Preliminary results from these physical models show that (1) ELJs greatly decelerate flow near the structure and accelerate flow in the main portion of the channel, yet spatially averaged flow velocity and depth remain unchanged, (2) derived drag coefficients for the ELJs based on force measurements vary from 0.3 to 0.7 depending on the scaling velocity employed, and (3) while significant localized erosion and deposition occurred in the vicinity of the ELJ, these effects extended well downstream of the structure and across the entire channel. Although physical experimentation using wood is not uncommon, the use of physical scaling theory appears to be employed infrequently, which potentially could limit the applicability of the results obtained. It is envisioned that the procedures outlined here would become more widely used in experimental research of rivers and in river restoration design.