聚丙烯腈基炭纤维中微孔的演变规律

利用二维小角X射线散射技术(SAXS),结合纤维孔结构解析理论及分形原理得到了炭纤维形成过程中纺丝、预氧化、低温和高温炭化等四个阶段样品的微孔结构信息。结果表明:原丝中孔隙沿纤维轴向择优取向,呈长梭状,其长轴与短轴的平均尺寸分别为24.3nm和19.2nm,长径比为1.27。遗留到预氧化阶段的原丝孔洞使得预氧化纤维出现高达1.85的长径比极大值,这可能与原丝线性结构向预氧丝耐热梯形结构转化有关。炭化阶段微孔尺寸迅速减小,长轴、短轴分别达到3.56nm和2.85nm左右,长径比也减小至1.24。分形状态研究表明:表面分形维数DS值介于2.42～2.88之间,且随工艺的进行逐渐增大,低温炭化阶段变化幅度较大,说明各级产品在微观结构上越来越复杂,亦证明低温炭化是促进炭纤维微观结构转变的重要的工艺段。     

聚丙烯腈纤维预氧化过程中微观结构的演变

利用扫描电镜(SEM)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)和小角X射线散射(SAXS)对200～275℃范围内逐步预氧化的聚丙烯腈纤维的断面形貌与微观结构进行了测试.根据各样品的WAXD,SAXS数据,分别计算了预氧化纤维的微晶尺寸、纤维内微孔大小、小孔洞所占的体积分数及微孔的分形维数,分析了材料的微观组织结构在预氧化过程中的变化.结果表明:随着预氧化温度的升高,纤维的微晶尺寸先增大后减小,纤维内微孔的尺寸先减小后增大,小孔洞所占的体积分数不断增大,微孔的分形维数先减小后增大.     

聚丙烯腈(PAN)基纤维中微孔的2维小角X射线散射

应用二维小角X射线散射技术对PAN原丝、预氧丝、碳化丝纤维样品进行表征并采用Fankuchen切线法处理实验数据,得到微孔的平均结构信息。X射线散射集中在探测器平面赤道方向,原丝、预氧丝样品的散射强度相近并小于碳化丝散射强度,表明PAN基纤维在热处理过程中,纤维内部微孔一直沿纤维轴方向择优取向,在预氧化阶段微孔含量和大小基本保持不变,而在碳化阶段将产生大量微孔,并使微孔取向角增大。散射数据均呈现Porod正偏离,说明纤维内部还存在1nm以下的微结构起伏。     

PAN基碳化纤维制备过程中纤维的晶态结构研究

采用X射线二维衍射图像和面扫描法对PAN碳化纤维制备过程中各阶段纤维进行了结构表征,揭示了干喷湿纺原丝在预氧化和碳化阶段各纤维晶区取向和晶态结构的差异。结果表明,利用赤道方向二维衍射图,可直观地观察到各纤维在不同阶段取向度以及结晶度的演变规律。与原丝相比,205℃预氧化纤维的取向度、晶粒尺寸以及结晶度都增大,晶面间距无明显变化。235℃预氧化纤维的取向度、晶粒尺寸以及结晶度都减小,晶面间距增大。与原丝以及预氧化纤维相比,碳化阶段纤维的取向度、晶粒尺寸、结晶度以及晶面间距都明显减小。     

脒端基对聚丙烯腈原丝氧碳化行为的影响

以偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(AIBA)、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,分别制备了具有不同端基结构的丙烯腈与衣康酸共聚物PAN-AIBA和PAN-AIBN,采用湿法纺丝技术制备PAN原丝。采用两种梯度升温方式对PAN原丝进行热稳定化处理,对优选的预氧化纤维进行高温碳化制得碳纤维。采用多种手段表征纤维结构与组成的变化规律。结果表明,脒端基可提高PAN预氧纤维的相对环化率,使其氧含量和体密度平稳增长,因此有利于预氧化纤维的结构调控。PAN-AIBA基碳纤维的皮芯结构差异小于PAN-AIBN基碳纤维,与其相对温和的热稳定化行为相符。     

PAN基碳纤维制备过程中的组成演变

通过对聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝到碳纤维制备过程各阶段纤维质量和组成的变化的分析,研究了预氧化过程、低温碳化过程和高温碳化过程C、N、H和O的演变规律,结果表明:预氧化过程中伴随着O的结合,纤维中部分N、C和H发生脱除,N和H的脱除量随着O的增加量线性增加,其中1/4左右的H在此阶段脱除;低温碳化阶段是纤维大量脱除非碳成分...     

碳纤维工艺技术研究及发展现状

根据基础原料不同,分别对聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维、沥青基碳纤维和粘胶基碳纤维的工艺技术特点进行了分析研究,重点对PAN基碳纤维原丝生产、预氧化、碳化和后处理过程进行了深入分析,探讨了共聚单体、纺丝工艺及杂质含量对PAN原丝性能的影响,以及原丝性能对PAN基碳纤维产品质量和生产成本的影响,并进一步阐述了PAN基碳纤维的国内外发展现状及研究方向。     

大丝束PAN纤维热反应特性及其在连续预氧化过程中的结构性能演变

利用热应力、DSC、FTIR、元素分析(EA)、XRD及力学性能、密度等测试表征手段,结合小丝束(24K)聚丙烯腈(PAN)原丝,解析了大丝束(48K) PAN原丝的热反应特性,并采用50 min连续预氧化制备高性能大丝束碳纤维,研究了大丝束PAN原丝连续预氧化过程中的结构性能演变规律。结果表明,大丝束PAN纤维的化学热应力是小丝束的1.13～1.43倍,且启动温度更低,当温度为250℃时,化学热应力差值最大,对应大丝束纤维密度为1.316 g/cm³;纤维内准晶区在反应初期即大量转化为无定形状态,准晶区晶粒尺寸呈现先增大后减小的趋势;50 min连续预氧化制备的大丝束碳纤维单丝拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别为4 240 MPa和244 GPa,相关力学性能达到市售国外大丝束碳纤维同等水平。     

预氧丝皮芯结构对碳纤维性能的影响

在使用PAN.F(聚丙烯腈原丝)为前躯体制备PAN.CF(聚丙烯腈基碳纤维)的过程中,经过预氧化反应生成的PAN.OF(聚丙烯腈基氧化纤维,俗称预氧丝)是其非常重要的中间过程,PAN.OF的皮芯结构直接影响着PAN.CF的力学性能。借助超薄切片机、电子显微镜、扫描电镜和材料试验机等表征测试手段,系统研究了PAN.OF的皮芯结构对PAN.CF力学性能的影响。研究认为:通过原丝的细旦化和预氧化过程条件的优化可以有效控制或消除PAN.OF的皮芯结构,得到抗拉强度5600MPa以上,弹性模量290GPa以上的碳纤维。     

二元氨化聚丙烯腈碳纤维制备及性能的研究

以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,丙烯腈(AN)和氨化的衣康酸(IA)为聚合物单体进行二元自由基均相溶液聚合,合成了聚丙烯腈(PAN)纺丝溶液,经湿法纺丝制得PAN原丝,经预氧化和碳化得到氨化的PAN基碳纤维。采用扫描电镜、广角X射线衍射、动态机械法和电子万能机等表征方法对PAN原丝和PAN碳纤维的性能进行了表征。结果表明:IA经氨化后制得β-衣康酸,以β-衣康酸为聚合单体制备的二元PAN基原丝的拉伸性能更优异。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.