一种MoSi2发热元件的组成和结构分析

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析技术研究了国外某MoSi2发热元件的组成和结构.结果表明:该MoSi2发热元件的主要组成为MoSi2、Mo5Si3以及以Al2O3和SiO2为主的玻璃相;黑色相和亮色相均匀分布在灰色基体中,亮色相主要伴随黑色相形成;断口以解理穿晶特征为主.MoSi2发热元件表面有一层20μm厚的以SiO2和Al2O3为主的玻璃保护膜,在保护膜表面有大量针状凸起生成.保护膜外表面形貌以及发热元件中黑色相和保护膜表面针状凸起中Al含量的增加是该MoSi2发热元件区别国内外其它MoSi2发热元件的主要特征.     

MoSi_2发热元件在不同气氛中使用损毁分析

对分别在空气气氛中使用100炉和在氮气气氛中使用5炉后(每炉均设定为1 500℃保温3 h)的国产MoSi2发热元件进行了XRD、SEM和EDS分析,并探讨了其损毁机制。结果表明:1)国产MoSi2发热元件未变层气孔较多,腐蚀性气体易通过气孔与MoSi2反应造成损毁,少量的杂质相也可加速损毁;2)MoSi2发热元件在空气气氛中损毁的原因在于SiO2玻璃相以SiO气体挥发致使电阻不均,局部过热;3)氮气气氛中不能形成保护性玻璃膜,N2和少量CO与MoSi2反应生成Mo5Si3、Mo3Si、Mo、Mo2C和Si3N4,使其变质损毁。     

二硅化钼陶瓷的强韧化

二硅化钼(MoSi2)具有良好的导电性和导热性,良好的力学性能和优秀的高温抗氧化性能,可以用作发热元件,性能超过碳化硅。二硅化钼用高温结构材料,需要提高其高温强度和低温断裂韧性。一般采用复合第二相或者多相杂交复合的方法进行强韧化,常用的增强相包括各种能在基体中均匀分散的粒子,晶须和纤维,也可以用与钼和硅相近的原子进行固溶。MoSi2基复合材料的各种性能比单相多晶MoSi2要高得多。     

MoSi_2基复相材料表面特性的研究

对MoSi2 及其复相材料在高温下长时间老化后表面玻璃膜结构进行了研究 ,并用电学测试手段对表面玻璃膜的生成过程进行跟踪测试。研究了MoSi2 及MoSi2 -SiC的氧化机理 ,发现其氧化速度顺序为MoSi2 >MoSi2 -SiC。对添加氧化物的复相材料来讲 ,其玻璃膜的生成速度顺序为MoSi2 >MoSi2 -莫来石 >MoSi2 -Al2 O3     

膨润土的提纯及其在二硅化钼发热元件中的应用

为了提高二硅化钼发热元件的高温使用性能,首先,通过添加不同量(质量分数分别为0. 2%、0. 4%、0. 6%、0. 8%、1. 0%和1. 2%)的磷酸铵,采用湿法对钙基膨润土进行提纯试验;然后,以提纯膨润土为结合剂,经配料、练泥、挤出成型、干燥后,在氢气保护气氛中分别于1 450、1 500、1 550和1 600℃保温2 h烧成制成二硅化钼发热元件试样,检测试样的体积密度和显气孔率,并进行SEM和EDS分析;最后,对二硅化钼发热元件试样和商品二硅化钼发热元件在1 750℃保温2 h条件下进行使用对比试验。结果表明:1)添加1. 0%(w)的磷酸铵湿法提纯后,膨润土的Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O含量和灼减大幅降低,蒙脱石含量提高到87. 6%(w)。2)以提纯膨润土为结合剂、在1 550℃保温2 h烧成的发热元件的显气孔率和体积密度分别为0. 83%和5. 73 g·cm~(-3),致密度较高,其断裂方式以穿晶断裂为主。3)在1 750℃保温2 h使用后,以提纯膨润土为结合剂制备的发热元件表面保护膜完整,而采用未提纯膨润土为结合剂生产的商品发热元件表面保护膜破损严重。     

MoSi2复相材料表面特性的研究

对MoSi2及其复相材料在高温、长时间老化后表面玻璃膜结构进行了研究.并用电学测试手段对表面玻璃膜的生成过程进行跟踪测试,以研究各复相材料表面玻璃膜的生成速度及机理.实验工作研究了MoSi2及MoSi2/SiC的氧化机理.氧化速度顺序为MoSi2＞MoSi2/SiC.对于复相材料来讲,其玻璃膜的生成速度顺序为MS＞MSM＞MSA.     

MoSi2基复相材料表面特性的研究

对MoSi2及其复相材料在高温下长时间老化后表面玻璃膜结构进行了研究,并用电学测试手段对表面玻璃膜的生成过程进行跟踪测试.研究了M0Si2及MoSi2-SiC的氧化机理,发现其氧化速度顺序为MoSi2＞MoSi2-SiC.对添加氧化物的复相材料来讲,其玻璃膜的生成速度顺序为MoSi2＞MoSi2-莫来石＞MoSi2-A12O3.     

SiO_2—Al_2O_3—MgO—K_2O—MgF_2系玻璃陶瓷析晶机理及断裂机制

以SiO2—Al2O3—MgO—K2O—MgF2体系玻璃为基础,采用整体析晶法,在高温条件下制备出堇青石/氟金云母玻璃陶瓷。借助于综合热分析仪、X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜等分析手段,研究了玻璃陶瓷的析晶机制、显微形貌和断裂机制。结果表明:所制备的玻璃陶瓷主晶相为板条状氟金云母和β-堇青石,经1 000℃保温3h热处理后,主晶相转变为镁橄榄石;以堇青石和氟金云母为主晶相的玻璃陶瓷断裂机理为穿晶断裂,以镁橄榄石为主晶相的玻璃陶瓷为沿晶断裂。在基础玻璃中添加5%B2O3,可抑制氟金云母相的析出,并提高玻璃陶瓷的致密度。     

CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系粉煤灰微晶玻璃的析晶动力学及电子探针分析

利用烧结法制备了CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系粉煤灰微晶玻璃。采用差热分析方法确定了析晶峰温度Tp,研究了其晶析动力学,并利用JMA方程获得的析晶动力学参数k（Tp）制备玻璃热稳定性。采用X射线衍射、电子探针-能谱分析方法研究了微晶玻璃中玻璃基体、晶相的组成。研究结果表明：析晶活化能Ea为591.5kJ/mol,指前因子A为1.87×1013min-1,k（Tp）判据表明玻璃的稳定性随升温速率的增加而降低;升温速率对主晶相的种类没有影响,即均为单一的β-硅灰石,其尺寸大小约为2～20μm;基体玻璃中原子种类十分复杂,既有网络形成体,又有网络修饰体和网络中间体,其性质与Na2O SiO2玻璃相近。     

烧结条件对β-SiAlON结合氧化铝耐火材料的影响

对相同组成的β-SiAlON结合Al2O3耐火材料在不同的温度和气氛下烧结进行了6种测试,从而确定了一种合理的相组成。用两种不同的电加热炉进行烧成,一种以石墨作为加热元件(炉G),另一种以MoSi2作为加热元件(炉M)。试样在氮气气氛中进行烧结,烧结温度1 400～1 650℃。电炉M中的氧分压通过使用炭床来控制。实验结果显示,在烧结温度为1 400℃时,不能合成β-SiAlON;在1 650℃,不同的气氛导致合成不同的相,除了主要成分Al2O3外,这些相有β-SiAlON、X-SiAlON、莫来石、玻璃相、SiC和C。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。