基于碳材料的高密度聚乙烯导热材料的制备

为了提高高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)的导热性能,扩大其应用范围,通过开炼及模压的方法将碳材料与PE-HD进行复合,详细研究了碳材料的种类、含量及复配等对复合材料热导率及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着石墨含量的增加,复合材料的热导率增大,但其断裂伸长率显著下降。固定碳材料总质量分数为15%,对不同种类的碳材料进行复配,发现当碳纤维/石墨质量比为1/4时,材料的热导率达到极大值,为0.588W/(m·K),但断裂伸长率仅为36%;当乙炔炭黑/石墨质量比为1/2时,复合材料热导率达到极大值,为0.602W/(m·K),相当于石墨质量分数为20%的复合材料热导率,断裂伸长率为303%,约为石墨质量分数为20%的复合材料的3倍,这表明石墨与乙炔炭黑的适量复配在赋予PE-HD良好导热性的同时保持了其延展性。     

PPS/Al_2O_3导热复合材料的性能及其应用

以微米级三氧化二铝(Al2O3)为导热填料,制备了聚苯硫醚(PPS)/Al2O3导热复合材料,研究了硅烷偶联剂表面改性对PPS/Al2O3复合材料力学性能和导热性能的影响.研究表明,硅烷偶联剂时Al2O3的表面改性提高了PPS/Al2O3导热复合材料的力学性能,且材料的热导率随着Al2O3含量的增加而增大,当Al2O3的质量分数为70%时,未改性和改性Al2O3填充PPS导热复合材料的热导率分别达到2.279 W/(m·K)和2.392 W/(m·K),后者的热导率在Al2O3含量较高时偏离Agari理论曲线.SEM分析表明,改性Al2O3在PPS中分散均匀,两者结合紧密.经应用研究表明,PPS/改性Al2O3质量比为40/60的导热复合材料完全可满足发动机零部件、高耐热电子元器件对材料导热与力学性能的要求.     

PDMS/SCF导热复合材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响

采用SCFNA法(即空间限域强制组装法),制备碳纤维质量分数为30%的PDMS/SCF复合材料,并探究了在制备PDMS/SCF导热复合材料过程中,基体与填料混合工艺以及压印过程中的温度对复合材料制品导热性能的影响。研究结果表明,在复合材料制品厚度不变的前提下,当混合转速为2 000 r/min时,随着混合时间由10 min缩短至2 min,复合材料制品的热导率由10.314 W/(m·K)提高至11.188 W/(m·K),提高了8.474%。当混合时间为3 min时,随着混合转速从2 500 r/min降低至1 500 r/min,复合材料制品的热导率由10.140 W/(m·K)提高至10.963 W/(m·K),提高了8.116%。对比不同压印温度对复合材料制品热导率的影响发现,当压印温度在120℃附近时,复合材料制品的导热性能最佳,热导率为11.188 W/(m·K)。控制混合转速、混合时间和压印温度这3个工艺条件能够有效地提高复合材料制品的导热性能。     

石墨／碳纤维／聚丙烯高强导热材料的研究

采用聚丙烯、石墨、碳纤维 (CF)制备出满足实际应用要求的高导热、高强度复合材料。实验结果表明 ,石墨和碳纤维在基体中的合理分布能显著提高复合材料的导热性能和力学性能。当聚丙烯和石墨的质量比为 5 0 /5 0时 ,添加 3 .3 3 %的碳纤维 ,其热导率为 2 .1W /(m·K) ,拉伸强度达到 5 1.49MPa。     

氮化铝/尼龙6复合材料导热性能的研究

采用熔融共混法制备了Al N/PA6导热复合材料,并深入研究了硅烷偶联剂KH-550含量、导热填料Al N粒径和含量对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明,偶联剂对Al N/PA6界面的键合作用以及在Al N表面形成的包覆结构导致了复合材料的热导率随偶联剂含量的增多而先增大后减小。当偶联剂的加入量为1.0wt%时,复合材料的热导率最好,达到0.451 W/(m·K)。Al N粒径大小会影响复合材料的Al N/PA6界面多少和Al N在基体中的分散均匀性,从而影响其导热性能。当Al N粒径为3μm时,热导率最高。随着Al N含量的增多,导热链会逐渐形成,从而使得复合材料的热导率逐渐增大,且增长幅度呈先缓后急的趋势。     

高热导率聚丙烯/石墨复合材料的制备与性能

为了提高聚丙烯(PP)的导热性能,扩大其使用范围,采用价格低廉的商用石墨对PP进行改性,利用转矩流变仪制备了PP/石墨导热复合材料。研究了粒径为2μm和20μm的石墨及其复配对复合材料热导率及力学性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的热导率随着石墨用量的增加而显著增大,20μm石墨填充的复合材料热导率高于2μm石墨填充的复合材料;由于石墨的各向异性,层内热导率远高于层间热导率;将两种粒径的石墨复配,固定石墨总质量分数为40%,当2μm石墨与20μm石墨质量比为1︰5时,复合材料层间和层内热导率达到最大,分别为1.125 W/(m·K)和2.897 W/(m·K),比相同用量下单一2μm石墨填充PP分别提高了121%和61%,比单一20μm石墨填充PP分别提高了3.6%和20%。随石墨用量增加,单一粒径石墨填充的复合材料拉伸强度和弯曲强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,随复配填料中20μm石墨用量增加,复配填料填充复合材料的力学性能呈下降趋势,但弯曲强度变化不大,拉伸强度也在10 MPa以上。     

HDPE/POE/无机粒子复合材料的制备及性能

采用熔融共混的方法,通过无机粒子填充HDPE/POE共混体系制备复合材料。研究了Al粉、Al_2O_3粉、石墨(GP)这3种单一填料以及Al_2O_3/GP、Al/GP共2种复配填料对复合材料的导热导电和流变性能的影响。流变性能表明复合材料的动态模量随着石墨含量的增加而增加,且复合材料的损耗因子(tanδ)逐渐减小。当石墨含量(质量分数)为33%和50%时,复合材料的损耗因子小于1,复合材料内填料形成了网络结构。由于形成了导热导电通路,复合材料的热导率和电导率都得到明显提高。将含量为50%的石墨填充到HDPE/POE基体中,HDPE/POE/GP的导热率是1.8 W/(m·K),是HDPE/POE的5.3倍。     

基于聚偏氟乙烯/石墨的换热板片材料的制备及导热性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为基体,石墨为填料,使用溶液共混法制备导热复合材料,研究了石墨填充量、混炼工艺等对复合材料导热性能的影响。结果表明,石墨填充量超过40 %（质量分数,下同）后,复合材料的热导率呈明显增大的趋势;当石墨填充量达到70 %时,PVDF/石墨复合材料的热导率达到2092 W/（m·K）,是纯PVDF热导率的110倍;270 μm：106 μm石墨含量比为1∶9时,热导率达到最大值;采用叠片式转子比腰鼓形转子可以制备出更高热导率的复合材料;转子转速和混炼时间对复合材料的热导率影响不大;设计并制备了板式换热器换热板片,实验验证了基于PVDF/石墨复合材料加工生产换热板片的可行性。     

导热绝缘PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫塑料的制备及性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了一系列导热绝缘的低密度聚乙烯/马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯/六方氮化硼(PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN新型泡沫塑料,研究了相容剂PE-g-MAH的加入、h-BN含量对PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫体系导热性能、绝缘性能、力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,PE-g-MAH有利于增加PE?LD与h?BN的界面黏结,增强泡沫体系拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,显著提高其热导性能;当h-BN含量为30 %时, PE-LD/PE-g-MAH/h-BN泡沫体系的导热率为0.256 W/(m·K),相对于PE-LD/h-BN泡沫体系的0.217 W/(m·K) 和纯PE-LD泡沫体系的0.039 W/(m·K),热导率分别提高1.18和6.57倍,同时保持较好的绝缘性和热稳性。     

PBT/CF导热复合材料的制备与研究

为了提高聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)的热导率,采用碳纤维(CF)作为导热填料,制备了PBT/CF复合材料,并研究了复合材料的热导率和力学性能等。结果表明,CF的加入能够显著提高PBT/CF复合材料的热导率,且热导率具有方向性,PBT/CF复合材料层内方向的热导率高于层间方向的热导率;当CF用量为50份时,PBT/CF复合材料的层内热导率和层间热导率分别为1.034 W/(m·K)和0.635 W/(m·K),相比于纯PBT的0.237 W/(m·K),分别提高了336%和168%;随CF用量的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度呈现先上升后降低的趋势,当CF用量为20份时,复合材料的拉伸强度达到最大值,为91.5 MPa,断裂伸长率逐渐降低;Lewis-Nielsen模型对PBT/CF复合材料热导率的模拟效果较好,可以预测不同CF用量时复合材料的热导率。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.