锌离子二次电池的研究进展

通过探寻合适的储锌正极材料、优化锌负极结构以及深入了解电池的储锌机理,能够显著地提高锌离子电池的电化学性能。综述了锌离子二次电池的研究进展,详细介绍了各类正极材料的结构特征、电化学性能以及储锌机理,另外对锌负极面临的问题和解决方法进行总结,同时讨论了电解质对锌离子电池电化学性能的影响。最后,对锌离子二次电池面临的问题和未来的研究方向进行了总结与展望。     

锌酸钙表面沉积Ca Sn(OH)6的制备及锌镍二次电池应用

为了改善锌镍二次电池中锌负极存在的严重极化问题，并提高锌负极的电化学性能和循环稳定性，采用水热–共沉淀法制备了表面沉积CaSn(OH)₆的锌酸钙，研究了CaSn(OH)₆的沉积对锌酸钙的形貌结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明：水热–共沉淀法可以让CaSn(OH)₆沉积在锌酸钙表面，且制得的锌酸钙结晶度高。Ca Sn(OH)₆的沉积降低了锌酸钙的电荷转移电阻，加快了电化学反应速率，并提升了锌酸钙的耐腐蚀能力和电荷传递速率，有效的改善了锌电极的极化现象。将表面沉积Ca Sn(OH)₆的锌酸钙用作锌镍电池负极活性物质时，电池在0.2 C充放电循环70次后的容量保持率为85.34%。     

中间相炭微球在锂离子电池负极材料的应用进展

中间相炭微球(MCMB)具有良好锂离子扩散性、导电性和机械稳定性等优势,是目前应用广泛、综合性能优异的锂离子电池负极材料,但较低理论比容量是制约其发展的关键因素。为了获得性能优良的MCMB基锂离子电池负极材料,改性修饰和复合材料已然成为目前研发重点。笔者论述了碳结构、表界面和复合材料等微观结构设计对MCMB负极材料电化学性能的影响。从碳堆积结构类型、有序性、层间距以及球体粒径大小等方面,论述了碳结构微观设计对MCMB电化学性能的影响。发现具有乱层结构的MCMB在充放电过程中内部产生应力较小,且碳结构较稳定,具有优异循环稳定性;内部具有大量微孔或碳层间距较大的MCMB,在充放电过程中可提高锂离子在电极中的迁移速率,并提供更多的储锂空间,一般具有优良的充放电比容量和倍率性能;小粒径MCMB具有较短的锂离子迁移路径和随之增加的比表面积,通常具有较好倍率性能,伴随着可逆比容量和充放电效率的衰减。从表界面碳层改性、包覆和掺杂改性等方面,论述了表界面改性对MCMB电化学性能的影响。表面碳层修饰可增加MCMB与电解液的相容性及其比表面积,提高了与电解液的接触面积及贮锂容量,改善了锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能;另外,MCMB表面包覆一层无定型碳,可避免其表面与电解液直接接触,减少电化学副反应的产生,提升其可逆比容量。从碳活性物质复合材料、非碳活性物质复合材料等方面,论述了复合材料微观结构设计对MCMB电化学性能的影响。碳活性物质可降低MCMB内部碳层结构的有序性,减少锂离子嵌入过程中的内部应力,提升MCMB循环稳定性。非碳活性物质诱导MCMB生成更加有序的碳层结构,提高MCMB的比表面积,从而改善MCMB表面与电解液分子的接触能力及其嵌锂性能,有利于提升MCMB负极材料可逆比容量、循环性能和倍率性能。MCMB具有高碳层间距和多缺陷位点等结构特征,有利于钠离子自由脱嵌,应用于钠离子电池时具有良好的可逆比容量、循环稳定性和倍率性能。MCMB的不规则定向层状结构经活化等处理具有较高比表面积,可应用于超级电容器电极材料。最后提出在高性能锂离子电池电极材料快速发展的需求下,从微观结构角度设计MCMB纳米复合材料将是MCMB负极材料的研究重点。     

Zn-Al-Ce水滑石在Zn-Ni二次电池中的电化学性能

采用水热法制备锌铝铈水滑石（Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs）,并且将其作为锌镍二次电池的新型负极材料。利用红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对制备的Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs进行了形貌和微观结构的分析。通过循环伏安曲线（CV）、Tafel极化曲线和恒电流充电放电测试研究了Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs作为锌镍电池负极材料的电化学性能。XRD和SEM分析发现,制备的Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs结晶度完好、分散均匀并且呈现出了规则六边形片状结构。电化学性能研究结果表明,Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs应用到Zn-Ni二次电池中表现出了很好的循环可逆性能和抗腐蚀性能;恒电流充电放电测试结果分析可知,Zn-Al-Ce-LDHs电极表现出了较为优异的循环稳定性以及充放电特性,经过80次循环后,循环保持率可以达到95.1%。     

锂离子电池石墨负极材料的改性研究进展

石墨类碳负极材料作为电化学嵌锂宿主材料的研究一直是锂离子电池负极材料研究的重点。本文简述了石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料的结构,分析了石墨作为负极材料的优缺点,综述了石墨负极材料的改性方法及其研究进展,指出了石墨改性的发展方向。通过改性处理可以提高可逆比容量和首次库仑效率,改善其倍率性能和循环稳定性,有效改善石墨电极的综合电化学性能。     

PVDF包覆对锂离子电池硅碳负极性能的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)作为包覆材料,对硅碳复合负极材料进行了表面包覆。通过SEM对复合材料的形貌进行了表征,并研究了包覆材料的添加量对复合负极材料的电化学性能的影响。结果表明:PVDF的包覆对复合负极材料的循环性能具有提高作用。研究了包覆剂添加量对复合负极材料循环性能的影响,当添加量为5%时,复合负极的循环性能最佳,首效达到89.69%,循环500次的容量保持率为71.21%。     

锂离子电池新型负极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池作为一种电源应用很广泛,但是在应用中存在一些不足,选取电化学性能良好的正负极材料是提高和改善锂离子电池电化学性能最重要的因素。从新型碳材料、硅基负极材料、锡基负极材料三方面介绍了目前锂离子电池的研究状况,并展望了锂离子电池负极材料的发展趋势。     

锂离子电池负极材料研究进展

锂离子二次电池是应用和开发前景最好的一种电源,改善和提高锂离子电池电化学性能的关键是选取充放电性能良好的正负极材料。综述了锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展,介绍了碳素材料、锡基负极材料和其他负极材料。指出了今后锂离子二次电池负极材料的发展方向。     

面向实用化的钠离子电池碳负极：进展及挑战

随着电化学储能需求的不断攀升，加之锂资源储量不高、分布不均、成本高等因素影响，作为低成本二次储能电池的代表，钠离子电池迎来新的发展机遇，其研发和产业化迈入快车道。其中，原料丰富、性能优异的碳材料脱颖而出，成为钠离子电池负极的首要选择。本文面向实用化钠离子电池碳负极梳理了碳负极的研究进展，简要介绍了碳负极材料的储钠机制，重点论述了不同类型碳负极的设计思路及其实用化进展，最后分析探讨了实用化钠离子电池碳负极材料发展中面临的挑战及未来研究中需进一步重视的主要问题。     

MnTiO_3/C复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

为提高锂离子电池负极材料循环稳定性和倍率性能,采用溶剂热和高温热处理方法制备了MnTiO_3/C锂离子电池负极材料。应用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和恒电流循环充放电等测试方法对材料结构形貌、物相组成和电化学性能进行分析测试。TiO_2的加入和碳包覆提高了电池负极材料的循环稳定性,缓解了材料体积效应并增加了电导率。MnTiO_3/C复合材料在1 000 m A·g~(-1)的电流密度下充放电循环160次后放电比容量仍有466 m A·h·g~(-1),是一种具有良好应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.