伊犁黄土总吸力和基质吸力土水特征曲线拟合模型

新疆伊犁黄土具有湿陷性强烈、易溶盐含量高的特点,描述其非饱和土应力状态中的吸力参量时,须同时考虑总吸力和基质吸力两个参量。为此,通过滤纸法开展了不同含盐量下伊犁黄土的土水特征曲线试验,测量了不同含盐下伊犁黄土的总吸力与基质吸力,计算了不同含盐量下土样中溶液浓度,分析了含盐量对湿陷的影响,基于Gardner模型,提出了可以考虑易溶盐含量影响的伊犁黄土总吸力和基质吸力土水特征曲线的拟合模型。研究结果表明:含盐量对新疆伊犁黄土的基质吸力有一定影响,对总吸力与渗透吸力影响较大;土样溶液浓度随着含盐量的增大而增大,总吸力与溶液浓度之间呈线性关系;随着土样内易溶盐含量的增加,土样湿陷系数明显增大;提出的土水特征曲线模型可以考虑易溶盐含量的影响,可以统一描述伊犁黄土总吸力和基质吸力随含水率、易溶盐含量变化的规律。     

非饱和土的基质吸力和张力吸力

首先在既往关于非饱和土分类方法的基础上,根据孔隙水弯液面与土颗粒表面的搭接状态,将双开敞非饱和土进一步细分为搭接双开敞非饱和土和不搭接双开敞非饱和土。然后基于热力学原理,提出了另外一个与基质吸力紧密相关而又不同的吸力概念-张力吸力。通过基于水封闭非饱和土的理论计算,得出了张力吸力与基质吸力之间的定量关系,同时利用作者们所提出的等效吸力概念,对比了由基质吸力、张力吸力所产生的等效吸力,从而一方面揭示了张力吸力在非饱和土力学中的重要性,另一方面论证了等效吸力概念的科学性与实用性。     

Salinity effect on the compaction behaviour,matric suction,stiffness and microstructure of a silty soil

To better understand the salinity effect on the compaction behaviour of soil,standard Proctor compaction test was conducted on soil samples with different salinities.Matric suction and small-strain shear modulus,G_(max),were determined and pore size distribution was also investigated on samples statically compacted at different water contents.Results showed that with the decrease of soil salinity from initial value of 2.1‰(g of salt/kg of dry soil) to zero,the maximum dry density increased and the optimum water content decreased,whereas there was no significant change with the increase of soil salinity from2.1 ‰ to 6.76‰.Interestingly,it was observed that G_(max) also decreased when the soil salinity decreased from initial value of 2.1‰ to zero and kept almost constant when the soil salinity increased from 2.1‰ to6.76‰, for dry samples with similar matric suction and also for samples compacted at optimum state and on wet side whose matric suctions were slightly different due to the difference in remoulded water content.Furthermore,the effect of salinity on compaction behaviour and G_(max) decreased for samples compacted from dry side to wet side.The pore size distribution exhibited bi-modal characteristics with two populations of micro-and macro-pores not only for samples compacted on dry side and at optimum state,but also for those compacted on wet side.Further examination showed that the modal size of micro-pores shifted to lower values and that of macro-pores shifted to higher values for saline soil compared to the soil without salt.     

非饱和粘性路基土回弹模量之研究

利用MTS动力三轴试验系统,进行一系列路基土回弹模量试验,并于试验后以滤纸法量测土样之基质吸力,以探讨非饱和粘性路基土之回弹模量特性及基质吸力对回弹模量之影响。研究结果显示重复荷载下之偏应力愈大则回弹模量愈小,且回弹模量随基质吸力的增加而增加。本文并建立以重复荷载之偏应力及基质吸力预测非饱和粘性路基土回弹模量之模式,改善传统模式未能考虑含水率对路基之影响。     

An Active Control System for Matric Suction Measurement

Matric suction is an important stress state parameter in unsaturated soil mechanics. Many studies have been carried out in the past to determine the matric suction through direct and indirect methods. Direct measurement of matric suction has been proven possible with high-suction tensiometer; however high-suction tensiometers are still susceptible to cavitation. The axis translation technique developed by Hilf (1956) has been employed in many laboratory tests for unsaturated soils to avoid problem of cavitation in the water pressure measurement system. However in laboratory testing of unsaturated soils, air and water pressures are usually independently controlled and there is no need for a feedback control. The matric suction of soil can be measured using a modified pressure plate apparatus by actively changing the air pressure to maintain the water pressure to be close to zero thus imposing negligible water content change in the soil. A major setback of the existing practice is the need to manually adjust the air pressure of the modified pressure plate in response to the changes in the water pressure. This paper presents an active control system for the modified pressure plate apparatus for matric suction measurement. The experimental results obtained from modified pressure plate apparatus with active control system show good performance as compared to the high suction tensiometer.     

干密度和基质吸力对重塑非饱和黄土变形与强度特性的影响

 为解决填方工程沉降和边坡稳定性问题,采用非饱和土三轴仪,对延安新区填方的重塑Q3黄土,进行3种初始干密度下一系列控制基质吸力的三轴剪切试验,研究重塑黄土的变形和强度变化规律。研究结果表明：初始干密度和吸力对重塑黄土的破坏形态、变形特性和强度特性影响较大;随初始干密度的增大,试样的偏应力–轴向应变曲线逐渐由应变硬化型向理想弹塑性再向应变软化型转变;初始干密度和吸力越大,试样的剪胀性越显著,强度越高;有效黏聚力、内摩擦角和吸力摩擦角均随初始干密度的增加而增大;内摩擦角随吸力几乎不变,而黏聚力随吸力呈线性增加;初始切线杨氏模量和切线体积变形模量均随初始干密度与吸力的增加而提高。根据研究结果提出考虑初始干密度和吸力影响的重塑黄土的抗剪强度参数与非线性模型参数的表达式,可用于预估不同初始干密度、不同吸力下重塑黄土的强度和变形参数,为工程应用和数值模拟提供了依据。     

非饱和黏性土粒间吸力测试研究

对粒间吸力的认识是非饱和土有效应力及变形、强度特性研究的基础。由粒间吸力各组成部分的特点 ,提出了非饱和黏性土粒间吸力的测试原理和方法 ,并对红黏土的粒间吸力进行了试验。此研究对于结构性与土的力学性质间关系的研究有重要意义     

干–湿循环过程中吸力与强度关系研究

针对膨胀土干–湿循环过程中的吸力变化和强度变化特征,开展试验研究。采用体积压力板仪实现脱湿和吸湿并制备不同吸力的试样,通过直剪试验测试不同吸力下的抗剪强度。试验成果显示:①土水特征曲线是不稳定的,它与土体含水率的变化路径有关;②在干湿循环过程中,相同的吸力具有不同的强度贡献。     

非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度空间分布特征及预估

通过室内外试验探讨了非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度沿道路横断面的空间分布特征，并基于非饱和土力学基本理论，采用滤纸法测定了不同含水量土样的基质吸力，标定了反映含水量与基质吸力单值函数关系的土水特征曲线模型，建立了大气降水/蒸发影响区以外非饱和粘土路基平衡湿度的预估方法。研究结果表明，近中央分隔带和路肩处的上部路基土的平衡湿度受大气降水/蒸发的影响显著；大气降水/蒸发影响区以外的路基土平衡湿度主要受控于地下水位的影响；Fredlund&Xing模型可较好地表征非饱和粘性路基土湿度和基质吸力的相关关系，模型参数拟合结果具有较高的可靠性；地下水位控制区粘土路基平衡湿度预估结果与试验测试值之间具有较高的一致性，预估方法合理可靠。     

考虑中间主应力的非饱和土上埋式涵洞竖向土压力公式

基于非饱和土的平面应变抗剪强度公式,考虑中间主应力和基质吸力的共同影响,分别建立了均匀与线性2种吸力分布下非饱和土上埋式涵洞的竖向土压力公式,并对其进行可比性分析,对比文献数值模拟和模型试验进行正确性验证,最后探讨了各参数的影响特性。研究结果表明:所建立的上埋式涵洞竖向土压力公式为系列化的有序解析解,可退化为文献已有解答并包含众多新解答,并能计算涵顶上方不同高度处的竖向土压力,工程应用前景广泛; 基质吸力对涵顶竖向土压力具有重要影响,且线性吸力影响不如均布吸力明显,应考虑回填土的非饱和特性并实测吸力分布; 中间主应力效应随基质吸力和填土高度的增大而更加显著,同时均布吸力下中间主应力效应较明显,应合理选取强度准则以反映回填土强度的中间主应力作用; 等沉面高度与回填土物理力学性质、中间主应力效应、基质吸力及分布形式等有关; 基质吸力及其分布影响、中间主应力效应均与填土高度密切相关,体现了多因素对涵顶竖向土压力的综合影响。     

野外土-水特征及其工程意义

为了研究非饱和土边坡的土-水特征，在香港某人工边坡坡顶1，2，3，4m等不同深度同时安装了含水量计及吸力计。根据土体体积含水量和吸力值的野外监测结果，得出了边坡坡顶土体不同深度的野外土-水特征曲线。同室内土-水特征曲线明显的滞后性相比，野外土-水特征曲线的滞后性可以忽略。野外土-水特征曲线滞后性可以忽略的原因可能是由于边坡坡顶土体在暴雨期间的非平衡效应或者是体积含水量和吸力在野外和在实验室内测定方法不同的缘故。此外，对野外土-水特征曲线的工程意义进行了探讨。     

The effect of soil mineralogy and pore fluid chemistry on the suction and swelling behavior of soils

Soil suction is one of the most important parameters for describing the moisture condition and engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. Therefore, changes in suction behavior of soils in the presence of saline waters are important for engineered barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the change in suction and swelling behavior of soils, which were exposed to salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl₂, natural seawater) with respect to distilled water. The three soil samples were gathered with different mineralogy and plasticity characteristics and tested for determining matric and total suction values and for obtaining free swelling characteristics in the presence of salt solutions. The bentonitic soil sample had the highest total suction value in the presence of seawater. Kaolinitic and zeolitic soil samples had the highest total suction values in the presence of NaCl solution. The highest modified free swell index value of the samples was obtained in the presence of NaCl solution for all the soil samples. No relationship was found between the total suction, matric suction and the modified free swell index value of the tested soils.     

Triaxial apparatus equipped with elastic waves and matric suction measurement techniques

A recently developed technique for elastic wave measurement, a disk transducer method, and a pressure membrane technique for suction measurement were merged into a modified triaxial testing apparatus enabling the procurement of both the elastic waves and the matric suction of a cylindrical specimen. The apparatus was employed to evaluate the variation in suction in sandy soil possessing a low range of suction (less than 100?kPa). Fine sand with two types of fines, namely, non-plastic silt and kaolin clay, was mixed with Toyoura sand in order to prepare sandy soil specimens. Both compressional and shear wave velocities were evaluated in conjunction with the associated matric suction. The matric suction was varied by injecting water into the specimens, and the relevant elastic wave velocities were obtained by a disk transducer. This research has corroborated the applicability of the disk transducer method to unsaturated soil specimens as well as the effects of matric suction on the mechanical behaviour of sandy soils possessing a low range of suction.     

干湿循环作用下非饱和重塑黏土变形特性研究

为了研究了基质吸力与干湿循环对非饱和重塑黏土压缩变形特性的影响,利用最新研制的全自动非饱和土固结仪,在控制基质吸力的条件下进行非饱和土压缩试验。研究结果表明,吸力越大,土体的压缩性越小,屈服应力越大,含水率减小的幅度也越小。试样经历干湿循环后,土体的压缩性增大,屈服应力减小,土体弹性变形的应力范围也减小。非饱和土的压缩变形以孔隙气体的压缩为主,土体中孔隙水的排出处于次要地位。干湿循环对非饱和土变形特性有重要影响,考虑其影响对于实际工程应用是十分必要的。     

路基非饱和土抗剪强度的吸力效应

从宏观的吸力控制型直剪试验和微观的土体颗粒结构2方面入手,对路基非饱和土抗剪强度的吸力效应进行了研究.在不同吸力和不同法向应力条件下完成4组剪切试验,并选取2种不同含水量的同类型土样进行结构扫描.研究结果表明,与粘性土不同的是,当粉质砂土含水量逐渐降低时,土体基质吸力对土体抗剪强度的贡献效果并不是一直增加的,而是存在一...     

Unsaturated elasto-plastic constitutive equations for compacted kaolin under consolidated drained and shearing-infiltration conditions

Transient process of water flow changes the equilibrium conditions of an unsaturated soil, resulting in volume change of a soil. The volume change alters the hydraulic properties of the soil and thus influences the transient process of water flow through the soil. Therefore, the interactive processes between stress-strain behavior and pore-water pressure are the primary processes affecting the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. This paper presents coupled elasto-plastic constitutive equations for unsaturated compacted kaolin under consolidated drained and shearing-infiltration conditions. The study focused on the development of the suction increase (SI) yield curve that incorporates changes in matric suction during transient processes. In addition, the relationship of change in specific water volume with respect to net mean stress and matric suction was also proposed by incorporating the hysteresis of soil-water characteristic curve. The simulated results by the proposed constitutive model were compared with those obtained from isotropically consolidated drained tests and shearing infiltration tests of compacted kaolin to verify the proposed model. The simulated results are in close agreement with the experimental results.     

三轴试验中非饱和土试样吸力的量测

本文作者改装了常规三轴仪使之能量测非饱和土试样的孔隙水压力和控制孔隙气压力，并与轴移技术所测得的吸力进行了对比验证。利用这种改装的仪器和轴移技术，进行了一组非饱和土试样的排气常含水量三轴剪切试验，量测出剪切过程中的吸力变化值，试验中发现围压和剪切应变对试样的吸力均有较大影响。     

Upper bound seismic limit analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated soil walls

The assessment of the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced earth retaining walls has historically been investigated in previous studies assuming dry backfills. However, the majority of the failures of these structures are caused by the water presence. The studies including the water presence in the backfill are scarce and often consider saturated backfills. In reality, most soils are unsaturated in nature and the matric suction plays an important role in the wall's stability. This paper investigates the internal seismic stability of geosynthetic-reinforced unsaturated earth retaining walls. The groundwater level can be located at any reinforced backfill depth. Several nonlinear equations relating the unsaturated soil shear strength to the matric suction and different backfill type of soils are considered in this study. The log-spiral failure mechanism generated by the point-to-point method is considered. The upper-bound theorem of the limit analysis is used to evaluate the strength required to maintain the reinforced soil walls stability and the seismic loading are represented by the pseudo-dynamic approach. A parametric study showed that the required reinforcement strength is influenced by several parameters such as the soil friction angle, the horizontal seismic coefficient, the water table level, the matric suction distribution as well as the soil types and the unsaturated soils shear strength.     

Suction variations and soil fabric of swelling compacted soils

This study addresses firstly the soil fabric variations of loose and dense compacted soil samples during a single wetting/drying cycle at suctions between 0 and 287.9 MPa using mainly the mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） tests.Two suction techniques were employed to apply this wide suction range：the osmotic technique for suctions less than 8.5 MPa,and the vapor equilibrium or salt solution technique for suctions higher than 8.5 MPa.Secondly,the soil water retention curves（SWRCs） were predicted by the MIP test results for both loose and dense soil samples.A reasonable correspondence between MIP results and SWRCs was found on the wetting path at lower suctions close to saturation and on drying path at higher suctions.     

滑坡滑带土非饱和蠕变特性试验研究

在库水位变动及降雨入渗作用下,一方面,滑坡土体在饱和与非饱和状态之间转化,土体强度和变形具有非饱和土的特性; 另一方面,滑坡变形发展大都经历了一个时间过程,具有流变特性,因此,考虑吸力（含水率）作用的非饱和土蠕变特性对于水作用下的坡体长期稳定性研究具有非常重要的意义 。 以 三峡库区 某大型滑坡滑动带土为研究对象,开展了一系列非饱和三轴蠕变试验 ,给出了不同偏应力荷载,不同基质吸力条件下的蠕变试验曲线。试验结果表明,同一偏应力荷载下,随着吸力逐渐减小,蠕变变形及蠕变速率均不断增加,且随偏应力荷载的增加增幅更大。在此基础上,建立了各级吸力水平下滑动带土的 Mesri 蠕变模型,即剪应力–应变关系采用双曲线模型,应变–时间关系采用幂函数。接着,通过建立吸力与 Mesri 模型参数 — 初始排水切线模量 之间的函数关系,构建了滑动带土的应力–吸力–应变–时间模型。最后,通过该模型的预测值与试验值的对比分析,发现模型能较合理地预测滑坡滑动带土的蠕变特性。