21世纪世界制浆造纸工业技术发展趋势（1）──化学浆技术动向

２１世纪世界制浆造纸工业技术发展趋势（１）──化学浆技术动向本刊编辑部八十年代末至九十年代初期，世界经济呈现活跃状态，制浆造纸工业及设备制造业均呈现出投资活跃，形势乐观景象。１９９２年以来，美国经济缓缓复苏，欧洲也处在经济调整中，从整个世界经济状况来...     

对基建投资费用分析看纸业发展趋势

对基建投资费用分析看纸业发展趋势这是ＢＥ＆Ｋ基建承包公司，所作的制浆造纸工业基建投资费用发展趋势的第三个年度研究报告。此项研究始于１９９０年１２月份，它对制浆造纸工业在四个方面的基建投资费用的发展趋势进行了定量分析和准确的论证。目前，由于制浆造纸工业...     

林纸结合是振兴福建纸业的必由之路

当前世界纸和纸板产量中,利用木材纤维达94．7％,大家公认世界制浆造纸工业所需木材纤维原料资源应该是世界制浆造纸工业实现可持续发展的基本问题,以木材纤维为主要原料资源是制浆造纸工业自身技术、经济规律的要求。以木材纤维为主要原料资源,林纸经营一体化和规模化生产是现代制浆造纸工业的基本特征,也是当今世界制浆造纸工业发展趋势。近几年来我国造纸工业国产木浆仅200万吨／年左右,只占国内纸浆总产量的9％,要提高我国纸和纸板产品档次,增加中、高档纸和纸板比例,要提高纸和纸板产品质量,重塑中国现代化造纸工业,其发展…     

林纸一体化是我国造纸工业发展的最佳选择

一、当今世界制浆造纸工业发展趋势当前世界纸和纸板产量中,木材纤维原料的利用达94.7%以上,大家公认木材纤维原料是世界制浆造纸工业实现可持续发展的基本保证,以木材纤维为主要原料资源是制浆造纸工业自身技术、经济规律的要求。以木材纤维为主要原料资源、林纸经营一体化和规模化生产是现代制浆造纸工业的基本特征,也是当今世界制浆造纸工业的发展趋势。(一)美国人工林相当发达,美国现有林地是由国有、林产企业和私人共同经营,平均每天种植400万株树苗,其中80%树苗是由私人林场主种植的,现在形成了国有林占16%、公有林占7.4%、林产企业所…     

综观我国造纸工业技术进步的发展趋势

介绍了近几年世界制浆造纸工业技术进步的情况，重点综述了我国制浆造纸工业技术进步的成就，基于我国造纸工业的现实情况，探索造纸工业技术进步的发展思路。     

国内外制浆造纸工业现状和发展趋势（续）

国内外制浆造纸工业现状和发展趋势（续）李忠正南京林业大学２１００３７三、２１世纪制浆造纸技术的发展趋势据联合国粮农组织（ＦＡＯ）专家估计，造纸工业在今后相当长的一段时间内仍将是一个增长的工业，前景是好的，今后主要的变化将是纤维的原料种类，工艺过程，工...     

林纸结合是振兴福建纸业的必由之路

简要介绍了世界制浆造纸工业发展趋势和我国森林资源资源状况以及我国以木材纤维原料为主的制浆造纸业前景。同时叙述了福建林纸结合 的自然优越条件和浆成为以木材纤维原料为主的造纸强省。     

中国造纸工业技术发展的方向

分析了我国制浆造纸工业技术装备的现状，归纳了世界造纸工业的重大技术成就，提出了今后我国造纸工业技术发展的方向。     

日本制浆造纸工业技术发展趋势

日本制浆造纸工业技术发展趋势ＴｒｅｎｄｓｏｆｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＪａｐａｎｅｓｅｐｕｌｐａｎｄｐａｐｅｒｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ￥／／一、前言日本是世界上第二大纸和纸板生产国（１９９３年总产量是２７８０万吨），同时也是世界上...     

40年来世界制浆造纸工业的巨变

１９９９年初，《国际制浆造纸》杂志（ＰＰＩ）为了庆祝创刊４０周年，邀请了一些知名人士对４０年来世界制浆造纸工业的主要变化发表了看法和意见，为了发展我国的制浆造纸工业，有必要将重要看法和意见综合如下：一个重要变化，或者说发展趋势就是企业通过合并或兼并，规模和生产能力愈来愈大，制浆造纸生产向着更加集中的方向发展，特别是近几年企业兼并成风，公司数目愈来愈少。据一位专家的意见，这种兼并还将继续下去；直到像其他成熟工业一样，５家公司就能控制市场份额的６０％，而ＡＢＢ公司认为兼并的结果可能产生２０家全球性的…     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.