单向冻融条件对粉质粘土的力学性质影响及微观机理探究

为探究冻融循环对地基土的力学性质的影响,本文以张家口市区内某工地地基填土为研究对象,在室内进行单向冻融试验、静三轴剪切试验和电镜图像采集。结果表明:(1)土体在经过第1次冻融循环后,围压越大土体的压缩模量的折减越大;(2)土的强度参数随着冻融循环次数增加发生改变,内摩擦角不断增大,而粘聚力则不断减小;(3)随着冻融次数的增加,土体抗剪强度先减小后增大,在第5次冻融循环时降到最小值;(4)随着冻融循环次数增加,孔隙率不断降低,孔隙直径组成发生改变,大孔隙减少,微、小孔隙增加。     

基于双剪统一强度理论的刚性结构物竖直土压力计算

采用双剪统一强度理论,考虑中间主应力的影响,对沟内埋管的竖直土压力进行计算,得到了刚性结构物的竖直土压力的统一解.该统一解具有普遍性,既适用于拉压强度不同的材料,也适用于拉压强度相同的材料.计算结果表明,当拉压比一定时,随着填土厚度的加深,竖直土压力随着中间主应力系数的增大而减小,即沟壁向上的摩阻力对管顶上土压力的卸荷作用更加明显.应用双剪统一强度理论可以得出更符合土体性质的竖直土压力,可以更好地发挥材料的强度潜能,使其在工程应用中取得显著的经济效益.     

浅谈地下水对地基基础的影响

提出了在岩土工程勘察和基础设计中必须重视地下水及其变化对地基基础的影响问题，提出地下水可改变岩土体中孔隙水的压力分布形态而产生力学作用，可与岩土体之间发生各种物理化学作用，使地基土强度降低，变形增大，基础失稳，造成建筑物的不均匀沉降。另外，还对岩土工程勘察和工程建设中应注意的问题进行了研究与探讨。     

Q3原状黄土变形过程中的应变速率效应

为揭示应变速率对黄土体变形过程的影响规律,以兰州Q3黄土为对象,在不同含水率和围压条件下,系统开展黄土体应变速率效应的三轴试验研究,且以应力-应变曲线、抗剪强度、孔隙压力作为关键要素进行分析。结果表明：应力-应变曲线存在应变软化效应,高应变率促使应变软化的产生,但高含水率、高围压抑制应变软化的产生;应变速率对抗剪强度有显著影响,抗剪强度随应变速率的增大呈现先增大再减小的规律,黏聚力的变化规律与之相同,应变速率对内摩擦角的影响规律与之相反;应变速率对孔隙压力的增长趋势几乎没有影响,但孔隙压力峰值受应变速率的影响显著,且含水率和围压不同,其变化规律存在差异。Q3原状黄土变形过程中存在明显的应变速率效应,其对黄土地区工程应用和丰富黄土力学具有积极的意义。     

珊瑚碎屑钙质砂的抗剪特性

珊瑚碎屑钙质砂是海洋沉积物中的一种,其强度低、形状不规则、内孔隙多和易破碎等性质和普通石英砂有很大差异。通过对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行大型剪切试验,分析得到轴压、剪切速率和级配对钙质砂力学特性的影响。试验结果表明,钙质砂的抗剪强度在达到峰值之后都会出现应变软化现象,随后略微增长并且达到稳定。随着剪切速率的降低和轴压增大,试验土体的抗剪强度持续增加,出现的颗粒破碎增多,土体的剪胀量减小;随着级配粗颗粒的增加,土体的最大抗剪强度和颗粒破碎持续增加,并且在P5=65.14%情况下达到峰值,之后随着粗颗粒含量的增多而降低。     

扁铲侧胀试验方法确定地铁基坑设计参数

地铁基坑设计涉及的岩土物理力学参数众多,诸如土体的抗剪强度值、静止侧压力系数、侧向基床系数等。扁铲侧胀试验因原理简单、理论成熟完善、测试不受人员技术水平限制,可提供众多地铁铁基坑设计中所需的土体物理力学参数,具有明显优势。结合武汉地区地铁勘察项目,采用扁铲侧胀求取的参数与武汉地区大量工程室内试验数值相比较,研究表明两者具有良好的一致性。     

砂岩试验和理论研究

大孔隙率砂岩具有特殊的力学特性,对其力学行为进行试验和理论研究不仅具有理论意义,而且具有工程实践作用。对大孔隙率砂岩在不同饱和液体情况下的力学特性进行了试验研究,以2种理论对其破坏特征进行了解释,紧接着推广了帽盖模型,并对试验结果进行了模拟。试验结果证明了大孔隙率砂岩存在一临界围压,随着围压增加,砂岩由以压剪破坏为主逐渐转化为以孔隙坍塌破坏为主;在油水转化过程中,也存在一临界饱和度,超过此临界饱和度,其力学特性发生较大的改变。该试验和理论研究能合理地解释注水采油引起的地表沉降。     

草本植物加固边坡的力学原理

草本植物根系使边坡土体浅层成为土体和根系的复合材料,它通过根土摩擦作用和根的抗拉作用,增强了根系土层的整体抗剪强度,但至今人们对草本植物根系对边坡岩土体的作用及效应的研究仍很少,亟待深入。通过对草本植物根系加固边坡的力学原理进行了全面的分析,不但提出了根土作用的力学模型,而且对边坡增加的抗剪强度和增加的边坡稳定性系数进行了定量计算。从而为草本植物生态护坡提供了理论依据。     

灌浆工艺在人工挖孔桩成孔护壁中的应用

灌浆工艺是近年来发展较为迅速的一种施工工艺,它因施工简便、易于操作,并能有效改变土体的物理力学性质,提高土体的抗压抗剪强度等优点而在工程上得以广泛应用.灌浆的实质是用气压、液压或电化学原理,把某些能固化的浆液注入各种介质的裂系或孔隙,从而改善岩、土体的物理力学性质.灌浆工艺依据其理论可归纳为四类:渗入性灌浆、劈裂灌浆、压密灌浆和电动化学灌浆.在具体工程应用中可根据不同的地质条件选择不同的灌浆工艺.     

黄土和泥岩的动力学特性及微观损伤效应

 为了系统研究天水地区黄土和泥岩的动力学特性和微细观损伤机制,采用循环荷载试验、反复剪试验和SEM电镜扫描技术,获取岩土体的动力学行为特征和微观参量。研究结果表明：黄土和泥岩的动弹性模量随围压的增加逐渐增大,呈非线性关系,而动弹性模量与阻尼比呈反比关系;动剪应力比大于某阈值时,岩土体在相应周期动应力下发生破坏;地震强度以及岩土体自身材料对其动力学强度影响较大;反复剪切次数增加,岩土体的抗剪强度降低,最终达到残余强度,但随围压的增大,岩土体咬合程度增强,抗剪强度增加;静力剪切使土颗粒变细,属颗粒剪切磨碎模式,土颗粒排列更平整,定向性好,颗粒间孔隙变密实;循环动荷载作用下,随着剪切幅值的增加,颗粒剪切磨碎,排列更平整,孔隙明显减少,剪切面表现为“板结”。泥岩微观孔隙的定量化分析与定性研究一致性较好。研究结果对黄土高原地区工程灾害的预测和控制具重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

Numerical Analyses and Monitoring Performance of Residual Soil Slopes

Changes in the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes due to rainwater infiltration comprise a crucial factor which affects the shear strength of soils and may trigger slope failures. Two residual soil slopes in two main geological formations in Singapore, the Bukit Timah Granite and the sedimentary Jurong Formation, were fully instrumented. Real-time monitoring systems were developed to examine the pore-water pressure, the rainfall and the groundwater level of the slopes for over a year. The characteristics of the pore-water pressure distributions in both slopes during rainfall were highlighted and compared. The monitoring results indicate that the residual soil slope of the Bukit Timah Granite has a thicker unsaturated zone due to a deeper groundwater table than the residual soil slope of the sedimentary Jurong Formation. A higher permeability of the residual soil of the Bukit Timah Granite results in more rapid changes in negative pore-water pressure due to rainwater infiltration than the residual soil of the sedimentary Jurong Formation. Therefore, the residual soil slope of the Bukit Timah Granite differs from the residual soil slope of the sedimentary Jurong Formation in the changes in shear strength and the variations in the factor of safety during rainfall. The differing characteristics of the pore-water pressure responses during rainfall for these two residual soil slopes are analyzed in the present study based on the results of field measurements and numerical analyses.     

Geo- and Hydro-Mechanical Evaluation of Slope Failure Induced by Torrential Rains in Northern-Kyushu Area,July 2009

Torrential rainfall in mid-July 2009 triggered numerous geodisasters such as slope failure and debris flow in Chugoku and Northern Kyushu areas of Japan. A number of slope failures and debris flows occurred in Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures resulting in extensive damage to human life and infrastructure. One of the most serious geodisasters included a slope failure followed by debris flow at Sasaguri-machi and Fukuchi-machi, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan. This paper summarizes the results of geotechnical investigations on the geodisaster sites in Fukuoka prefecture. The geotechnical investigation included determining a series of grain size distributions, consistency limits and conducting direct box shear tests for collapsed soils collected at six disaster sites. The generation mechanisms of slope failure followed by debris flow were also investigated by analyzing the precipitation, topography, geology, and strength properties of the collapsed soils. Moreover, slope deformation and stability analyses were coupled with an unsaturated-saturated seepage analysis to investigate the slope failure mechanism. The main findings from the study are summarized as: The physical properties, such as the grain size distribution, the plastic limit and liquid limit of collapsed soils, are summarized and compared with the results of other failure slopes in the literature. The collapsed soil was characterized as being a well grained soil (the uniformity coefficient >50) and highly weathered (the ignition loss >5%), however, with regard to the liquid limit and plastic index, there were no remarkable findings. The original shear strength for collapsed soils with natural water content is relatively large and slope failure doesn't occur because the cohesion in the shear strength is induced by a suction force between the soil particles under unsaturated condition. However, water seepage into the soil induces a drastic decrease in the shear strength, which is mainly caused by a decrease in cohesion (losing suction) resulting from soil saturation. In addition, the drained/undrained condition in the shear process is also sensitive to shear strength. For example, both water seepage and the shear process with constant volume cause an approximate 30% reduction in shear strength for Fukuchi-machi and Sasaguri-machi soil samples. Therefore, the reduction of cohesive strength due to water seepage and the low permeability of the slope are the parameters which trigger geodisaster. Based on the results of slope deformation and a stability analyses which took the change in water pressure and cohesive strength into account, the geodisaster at Fukuchi-machi was simulated, it is reasonable to assume that the shallow failure near the top of slope occurred due to torrential precipitation of about 100 mm per hour which triggered a debris flow.     

土体含水率对边坡动力破坏模式及动力响应影响的振动台试验研究

正确认识地震作用下边坡的破坏模式及动力响应特征可以为边坡抗震设计提供理论指导。为了探讨边坡土体含水率的变化对边坡破坏模式及动力响应的影响,针对该问题展了室内振动台模型试验,分析了不同含水率边坡失稳破坏的物理过程,以及在地震荷载作用下边坡动力响应规律。试验结果表明土体含水率对边坡破坏模式有较大影响,含水率6.8%和10%的砂土边坡分别表现为震裂–溃滑型和震裂–溃散型滑坡破坏形式,含水率18.1%和24.6%的黏土边坡分别表现为震裂–溃散性和震裂–蠕滑型滑坡破坏形式;在参数考虑的范围内含水率较大的边坡比含水率较小的边坡更稳定;在水平动力载荷作用下,边坡表面的土体位移变化规律能够反应出边坡失稳破坏特征;对于该文讨论的砂土和黏土边坡而言,含水率大的边坡加速度放大效应弱于含水率小的边坡;从土体阻尼角度解释了含水率变化对边坡失稳影响的机理。     

干湿循环效应对南宁外环膨胀土抗剪强度的影响

针对膨胀土边坡滑坍多呈浅层破坏的现状,选取南宁外环膨胀土原状样与重塑样开展对比试验,精心设计试验方案,改进常规直剪试样制备条件和试验方法,使模拟土体季节性干缩湿胀过程更接近实际,探究了2种土样经历多次干湿循环作用后抗剪强度的衰减规律。结果表明：试样制备中有上覆荷载作用,实测土样经历同样干湿循环次数后的强度衰减幅度比无荷条件下的小,再次验证荷载对抑制强度衰减作用明显；不管原状还是重塑样经干湿循环后的强度衰减主要是c值大幅降低,其值虽也减小但降幅都不大；此外,计入边坡浅层破坏时滑面的低应力条件开展试验并分析测试结果,得到做边坡浅层稳定性分析时合理的抗剪强度参数,研究结果可供工程设计参考。     

用有限元强度折减法求滑(边)坡支挡结构的内力

滑(边)坡体的破坏属于破坏力学范畴，当滑面上每点都达到极限应力和极限应变状态时，材料进入破坏，此时岩土体抗剪强度得到充分发挥，这就是破坏力学中的破坏准则。通常当有支挡结构与岩土介质共同作用时，滑面上土体一般不处于极限平衡状态，而可能处于弹性平衡或者局部塑性极限平衡状态。这种受力状态不足设计情况下的受力状态。多年来，岩土工程设计一直采用极限状态设计方法，即传统方法中计算得到的支挡结构上的岩土侧压力是在坡体整体破坏且岩土体强度充分发挥时的岩土侧压力，也就是土体处于极限平衡状态且支挡结构有充分位移时作用在支挡结构上的岩土压力，按此设计既能保证坡体安全，又能最大限度地节省经费。因此，采用有限元强度折减法来考虑岩土介质与支挡结构的共同作用时也应遵循这一原则，即要求作用在支挡结构上的岩土侧压力与传统方法计算得到的岩土侧压力大体相当，在此条件下根据岩土介质与支挡结构的共同作用米确定支挡结构的内力。按照此原则，采用有限元强度折减法，不但得到了滑坡推力的大小和分布，而且通过有限元桩-土共同作用模型计算得到了抗滑桩的弯矩和剪力，并与传统方法进行了比较。算例表明采用有限元强度折减法来计算抗滑桩的内力是可行的，该方法增火了支挡结构设计的可靠性和经济性。     

Performance of an instrumented slope covered with shrubs and deep-rooted grass

Green technology, an integrated design approach that combines vegetation and engineering design methods, can be applied to improve slope stability. Orange Jasmine is a small tropical evergreen shrub which has deep root systems and is considered to be a drought-tolerant plant that adapts well to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. It can also grow in infertile soils, limestone soils or loam. Vetiver grass has been widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation, and embankment stabilization. Vetiver grass has deep roots (2–4 m) and adapts well under extreme conditions of temperature, soil, moisture, soil acidity, and alkalinity. The role of Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass in minimizing rainwater infiltration, for improving the stability of slopes, was investigated on a soil slope in Singapore with its tropical climate. Two slope sections, covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass, were instrumented with tensiometers, installed at different depths within the slope, and a rainfall gauge. The instruments were connected to a real-time monitoring system to study the pore-water pressure, the rainfall, and the groundwater level in the slope throughout a one-year period. The pore-water pressure characteristics within the slope sections covered with Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass are analyzed and presented in this paper. The analyses indicate that both Orange Jasmine and Vetiver grass played a significant role in reducing rainwater infiltration into the slope, minimizing the loss of matric suction, and hence, the shear strength of the soil during rainfall and, as a result, maintained the stability of the slope. Vetiver grass and Orange Jasmine appeared to be similar in effectiveness in terms of reducing the rainwater infiltration into the slope.     

Strip loading test theory and equipment development

One of the important issues for geotechnical engineers is the characterization of soil properties such as cohesion and internal friction angle by means of soil testing. A new experimental method of soil characterization based on the surface displacement of strip loaded soils is proposed. The theory to relate the soil deformation/displacement to soil strength properties is presented and compared with a series of conventional soil characterization techniques with direct shear tests. The proposed/developed strip loading tests provide reasonably accurate results compared with traditional direct shear tests. The new strip loading physical simulation and testing devices are helpful for understanding soil strength concepts and also provide an effective bridge connecting with engineering mechanics and foundation engineering courses instructions wherein derivation of bearing capacity theory equations is based on the same Mohr-Coulomb soil strength parameters. The advantages, limitations, and use of the strip loading modeling/testing technique in engineering education and further more in depth researches are discussed in the concluding remarks part.     

土水特征曲线在滑坡预测中的应用性探讨

 通过模型试验与数值分析方法的结果对比,研究土水特征曲线中的主要增湿路径与主要减湿路径对降雨型滑坡预测的影响。研究结果表明,采用不同状态路径的土水特征曲线来进行降雨条件下边坡的有限元渗流分析,会得到不同的基质吸力和孔压变化趋势,进而影响强度折减有限元法的计算结果;而对于相同的基质吸力条件下,采用主要增湿路径所预测的非饱和渗透系数会低于主要减湿路径的预测值,使得主要减湿路径预测滑坡破坏时间较主要增湿路径快。此外,若边坡产生滑动型破坏,则实际滑坡发生时间在主要减湿路径与主要增湿路径的预测值之间。研究成果说明,采用作为界限的主要增湿和主要减湿路径作为土水特征曲线的滞后模型,对降雨型滑坡灾害的防灾预警具有一定的实用价值,可利用主要增湿与减湿路径预测滑坡发生的时间差,规划与建立合适的滑坡雨量预警基准。     

粘性土抗剪强度研究的现状与展望

在土力学计算分析工作中,抗剪强度（土的内摩擦角和粘聚力）是其中最重要的计算参数。能否正确地测定土的抗剪强度,往往是设计质量和工程成败的关键所在。本文综合论述抗剪强度研究工作中四个方面的重要问题：（１）应力、应变和加荷速率对抗剪强度的影响;（２）非饱和土的吸力和膨胀力与吸附强度的关系;（３）内摩擦角和粘聚力的特性及其变化规律;（４）从局部剪切发展到整体失稳过程中的应力变化和强度变化。岩土工程师需要对这些问题有全面的认识,才能对抗剪强度的试验资料作出正确的判断与应用。     

强降雨下无黏性土坡破坏的影响因素试验研究

利用自行研制的室内水槽模型试验系统,对日本#6,#7和#8硅砂试样开展了固定降雨强度(90 mm/h)下诱发无黏性土坡破坏的模型试验;描述了强降雨条件下无黏性土坡的破坏过程,探讨了坡体厚度、前缘卸荷、土样颗粒尺寸及细颗粒含量对破坏过程的影响规律,分析了土坡破坏过程中的孔隙水压力响应特征。结果表明:①在持续强降雨作用下,无黏性土坡的破坏过程可分为3个阶段,即入渗、初始破坏与主要破坏阶段。②主要破坏阶段拉裂缝自坡脚向坡体中部、坡肩及坡顶渐次出现,且破坏模式受土颗粒尺寸和细颗粒含量的控制,控制机制为土体剪胀效应的强弱。③坡体厚度越小,其破坏过程的持续时间越短,但滑动距离和速率也将越小;前缘卸荷可加速土坡的破坏,并使其具有更长的滑动距离和更大的滑动速率。④当饱和土坡加速变形时,滑动面处会产生超静孔隙水压力,进而诱发突然滑动。与此同时,滑动面处的孔隙水压力由于坡体厚度减小和剪胀效应的发生而急剧降低。