葛根淀粉糊流变学特性的研究

以葛根淀粉糊的动态及稳态流变特性为研究对象,以储存模量(G')、损耗模量(G")和表现黏度(η)为主要试验指标,利用旋转流变仪,研究淀粉浓度、氯化钠、蔗糖以及麦芽糊精对淀粉糊流变学特性的影响,旨在探究淀粉糊的弹性、黏性、表观黏度的变化,为葛根食品的工业生产提供一定理论依据。研究结果表明:葛根淀粉糊是典型的剪切变稀的非牛顿流体,其G'、G"及η均受这4种因素的影响。1)动态流变特性的研究结果显示,G'、G"与淀粉浓度呈正相关;随特定添加范围内的氯化钠、蔗糖以及麦芽糊精的添加量增加,G'、G"均有先升后降的趋势。2)稳态流变特性的研究结果显示,同一剪切速率下,η与淀粉浓度呈正相关,与麦芽糊精的添加量呈负相关;在特定添加范围内,氯化钠、蔗糖的添加量增加,η有先升后降的趋势。在工业生产中,葛根淀粉糊剪切稀化的行为有利于流动的淀粉糊充模成型,节省能耗。添加麦芽糊精会降低淀粉糊的弹性和黏性,而添加适量的氯化钠和蔗糖一定程度提高淀粉糊的弹性和黏性。     

超高压处理对莲子淀粉糊流变特性的影响

为了解超高压处理对莲子淀粉糊流变特性的影响,采用500 MPa高压处理莲子淀粉10~60min,使用流变仪研究了经不同超高压时间处理后莲子淀粉糊的流变特性。静态流变特性研究结果表明,莲子原淀粉及经不同超高压时间处理后的淀粉糊均为非牛顿流体,具有假塑性流体特征,其流变特性曲线可用Herschel-Bulkley方程进行较好的拟合。在相同处理条件下,莲子淀粉糊的表观黏度随着剪切速率的增大而减小,超高压处理前后的淀粉糊均存在剪切稀化现象,具有明显的触变性;动态流变特性研究结果表明,莲子淀粉糊的储能模量(G')与损耗模量(G″)均随着处理时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,在60 min处理条件下达到最小值。剪切结构恢复力试验结果表明,淀粉糊在经历低—高—低速剪切后较难恢复到原始结构。本研究结果可为超高压处理后的莲子淀粉的应用提供理论依据。     

沙蒿籽胶对马铃薯淀粉凝胶的热学性能、质构特性、流变特性的影响

为探究沙蒿籽胶的提取工艺,并研究沙蒿籽胶对马铃薯淀粉凝胶特性的影响,采用超声波辅助水提法提取沙蒿籽胶,利用正交试验得出其最优条件,将其得到的沙蒿籽胶添加至马铃薯淀粉凝胶中,通过差示扫描量热仪、扫描电镜等研究其对淀粉糊各项性能的影响。结果表明:料液比为1:40,温度50 ℃,时间1.5 h,沙蒿籽胶得率最高,达20.7%;添加沙蒿籽胶后马铃薯淀粉凝胶的糊化起始温度和糊化终止温度升高,焓值ΔH增大;微观结构观察表明,添加较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿胶量的淀粉糊网络结构越来越致密,孔洞分布均一,空隙较小;同时观察淀粉糊的质构特征发现硬度、弹性等均增大;动态流变实验表明,在较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿籽胶添加量下,G'、G'值明显升高,马铃薯淀粉糊的粘弹性提高,tanδ值明显降低,随后在较高水平（1.0%）沙蒿籽胶添加量下,G'、G'值明显下降;静态流变实验表明,添加沙蒿籽胶处理的马铃薯淀粉均为假塑性流体,并且淀粉糊稠度系数K增大,流体指数n减小,沙蒿籽胶添加量为0.3%的马铃薯淀粉糊,触变环面积减少,体系的剪切稳定性提高。因此,添加较低水平（0.1%～0.5%）沙蒿籽胶能够增强马铃薯淀粉凝胶质构性能,过高添加量（1.0%）反而对其凝胶质构性能产生不利影响。     

羧甲基纤维素辅助微波干热对蜡质玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

以蜡质玉米淀粉(WCS)为原料,通过羧甲基纤维素(CMC)辅助对其进行微波干热改性,以便改善WCS的加工特性,扩宽其应用范围。采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、流变仪、X衍射分析仪等对CMC辅助微波干热改性的WCS的糊化特性、冻融稳定性、热特性、流变特性等进行了研究。结果表明,经CMC辅助微波干热后,WCS糊的黏度和冻融稳定性显著升高。表观黏度随角频率增加而降低,显示了典型的非牛顿流体特征,添加CMC的WCS糊的储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G″)增大,而损耗因子(tanδ)显著降低,表明样品的凝胶性明显增强。     

魔芋胶和玉米淀粉混合物黏弹特性的研究

目的 研究魔芋胶对玉米淀粉黏弹特性的影响。方法 以玉米淀粉为原料, 加入不同比例的魔芋胶, 采用动态流变仪来研究魔芋胶玉米淀粉糊化混合物的黏弹特性。结果 Power-Low模型能够有效地表征魔芋胶玉米淀粉糊化混合物的流变性能。魔芋胶玉米淀粉糊化混合物为假塑性流体, 与单独的玉米淀粉糊相比, 随着魔芋胶的添加量增大, 糊化混合物黏稠性增大, 假塑性增强。随着频率的增大, G?和G?均增大, 损失正切值tan δ＜1, 说明魔芋胶的加入使得糊化混合物具有优越的黏弹性。结论 当魔芋胶/玉米淀粉质量比为0.4:0.8时, 糊化混合物弹性最小, 黏性最大, 糊化混合具有更好的协同增稠作用, 即糊化混合物流体流动特征显著。     

黄原胶对莲藕淀粉糊化性质及流变与质构特性的影响

为探究亲水性胶体对淀粉性质的影响,将不同比例的黄原胶添加到莲藕淀粉中,研究两者复配后莲藕淀粉的糊化、流变、质构特性及微观结构的变化。结果表明：黄原胶提高了淀粉糊终值黏度、糊化峰值时间并降低淀粉的崩解值和回生值,复配体系有更好的热稳定性和抗老化性。添加不同比例的黄原胶使莲藕淀粉糊的剪切应力不同程度降低,稠度系数K增大,流体指数n降低,加入黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,但是具有更好的增稠作用;加入黄原胶提高了淀粉的贮能模量、损耗模量,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,体系的黏弹性和稳定性增强,其中莲藕淀粉与黄原胶配比为8.0∶2.0（g/g）的复配体系增稠效果、黏弹性、稳定性最好。复配体系的硬度、内聚性、黏着性、咀嚼性降低,弹性略有增大,添加黄原胶形成的凝胶质地更柔软。扫描电子显微镜观察到添加黄原胶后淀粉内部形成更加均匀稳定的结构。     

不同添加剂对荞麦淀粉糊特性的影响

研究不同食品添加剂和pH对荞麦淀粉糊特性的影响,为荞麦淀粉加工和产品研发提供理论依据。以荞麦淀粉为研究对象,探索NaCl、黄原胶、CMC、蔗糖和pH对淀粉老化度、黏度和质构特性的影响。研究结果表明,荞麦淀粉老化度均随4种添加剂浓度增大而降低,黏度随添加剂浓度增大而增大,其中添加黄原胶和CMC能有效抗老化和增大黏度;pH为7时荞麦淀粉老化度最低为30.93%,黏度最低为1.54 mPa·s。质构方面,添加蔗糖显著提高荞麦淀粉凝胶的硬度指标(P0.05),而添加黄原胶呈降低趋势;添加CMC能显著提高淀粉凝胶的咀嚼性(P0.05)。因此,通过适量添加食品添加剂或控制加工环境的酸碱度可改善荞麦淀粉糊特性,从而达到改善产品特性和延长货架期作用。     

微细化莲子淀粉的流变特性研究

本实验以球磨粉碎后的莲子淀粉为研究对象,研究粉碎时间、淀粉糊浓度、温度对微细化莲子淀粉糊流变特性的影响。结果表明：莲子淀粉糊为假塑性流体,球磨时间对莲子淀粉糊的表观黏度有显著影响;莲子淀粉糊的表观黏度随着浓度的增加迅速增大,剪切速率越低,这种影响就越明显,但球磨时间达到96h后,浓度对表观黏度变化影响不大;温度对莲子淀粉的流变特性影响显著,随着温度的增加,表观黏度迅速增大,但是经过长时间球磨后的莲子淀粉糊的流变特性对温度的依赖性减小。     

荸荠淀粉糊流变性质的研究

为有效开发利用荸荠淀粉,研究不同浓度的淀粉、食盐、蔗糖、黄原胶、卡拉胶以及瓜尔豆胶对荸荠淀粉糊动态及静态流变特性的影响,结果表明:荸荠淀粉糊是典型的剪切稀化的非牛顿型流体,荸荠淀粉浓度的改变以及食盐、蔗糖、黄原胶、卡拉胶和瓜尔豆胶的添加都对此性质不产生影响。表观黏度与剪切速率呈负相关。淀粉浓度越高,体系的储存模量(G′)、损耗模量(G″)越大,但损耗角正切值(tanδ)越小;食盐可提高体系的G′、G″和tanδ;高浓度的蔗糖使体系的G′、G″增大,但蔗糖的加入却使体系的tanδ降低;高浓度的黄原胶、卡拉胶和瓜尔豆胶3种亲水性胶体可提高体系的G′、G″和tanδ。     

不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响

通过向龙牙百合鳞茎淀粉中添加不同来源的亲水胶体(瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、果胶、魔芋胶、羟丙基甲基纤维素),测定其黏度、热力学及流变学特性的变化,探究不同亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化及流变学特性的影响。结果表明:不同亲水胶体与淀粉的混合体系表现出不同的糊化及流变学特性。添加瓜尔豆胶后的混合体系峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均提高,而添加其余胶体后均降低。差示扫描量热结果表明:羟丙基甲基纤维素使混合体系的峰值温度和终止温度降低,添加其余胶体后混合体系糊化温度升高;添加亲水胶体后,糊化温度范围减小,热焓值降低。百合淀粉及添加不同亲水胶体后的淀粉混合物均随剪切频率增大呈现剪切稀化现象,均为假塑性流体。添加瓜尔豆胶后混合体系弹性模量(G′)、黏性模量(G″)和稠度系数(K)显著提高,流动系数(n)降低,假塑性增强;而其余胶体混合体系的G′和G″的变化规律不同。明确不同种类亲水胶体对百合淀粉糊化和流变特性的影响,可为百合淀粉与亲水胶体复配在食品中的应用提供参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.